Chapter 3 Structure of the eye The front Sclera White outer surface Pupil and Iris Opening for light to enter the eye Cornea Focuses light into the eye Lens Uses process of accommodation to focus image on retina Retina back of the eye where light is focused Contains three layers Blind spot exits at the optic nerve Closer look at the retina Rods vs cones Number There are more rods than cones Location Rods are in the periphery while cones are more centrally located Function Rods are made for scoptopic vision cones are for photopic vision Function differences in acuity and color vision Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing Ventral Stream Contains a flow of visual information about what where looking at in our visual field Dorsal Stream Contains a flow of visual information about where it is located Theories of Color Vision Processing Color Vision Subtractive Coloring paints Additive Coloring Removing wavelengths of light being reflected such as when you mix colored Increasing wavelengths of light being reflected from the surface with mixing colored lights Processing Color Vision Young and Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory Color vision if based on three photopigments red green and blue Describes processing at the retinal level but not cortical Karl Hering s opponent processing theory Colors arranged in specific antagonistic pairs Explains central processing Sleep and Dreaming Chapter 4 Sleep Deprivation Question is sleep necessary Peter Tripp stayed awake for 201 hours in 1959 Randy Gardner 1965 stayed awake for 11 days Reading from sleep thieves Fatal familial insomnia Why do we sleep Preservation Adaptive Theory Preservation and Protection Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active Maturation Theory Sleep provides time to growth Restorative Theory Sleep replenishes chemicals and repairs cellular damage Memory Storage Theory Allows us time to consolidate and organize our memories Sleep Rhythms Circadian Rhythm 24 hour bodily rhythm Zeitgebers Cues to help entrain our rhythm Free Running Cycle Without the presence of any zeitgebers Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Internal clock tells people wake up fall asleep How do we measure sleep Stages of Sleep Pre sleep Beta waves smaller faster person is wide awake and mentally active Alpha waves larger slower person is relaxed or lightly sleeping Stage 1 theta waves light sleep lasting roughly 10 15 minutes Stage 2 temperature breathing and heart rate decrease sleep spindle and K complex Stage 3 and 4 delta waves deepest points of sleep with delta waves present Stages of Sleep REM REM Rapid Eye Movement Active stage when dreaming occurs EEG patterns resembles a wakeful state paradoxical sleep Muscles still relaxed REM rebound can occur Sleep Disorders Two Main Categories Dysomnias Difficulty with initiating or obtaining sleep or excessive sleepiness Parasomnias Problems related to sleep stages Average amount of sleep 20 minutes Dysomnias Insomnia difficulties with initiating and or maintaining sleep May be caused by a number of factors from anxiety to behavioral problems Sleep Disorders Parasomnias Sleep walking somnambulism Generally occurs during deeper stages of sleep Also appears to be developmentally linked REM Behavior Disorder Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep leads the person to act our their dreams More common in old age Why we dream Psychoanalytic Approach Dreams are a mechanism for wish fulfillment Manifest Content Reflects the dream itself and what happens Latent Context underlying true meaning of the dream Other theories Cognitive Theory Dreams can be used to analyze and potentially solve problems Activation Information Dreams are relatively random but involve daytime experiences October 24 2012 Learning Chapter 5 Classical Conditioning A type of learning where an organism comes to create associations between multiple stimuli Ivan Pavlov Discovered classical conditioning through his study of salivary reflexes with dogs Classical Conditioning Terms Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning absence of learning Unconditioned Response A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the Conditioned Stimulus An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus Temporal Contiguity Theory Responses develop when the interval between UCS and CS is very short Backward conditioning Association was dependent upon the perceived predictability of the CS of the Contingency Theory UCS Rescorla and Wagner s Study Two types of trials Format A Tone Followed by shock Format B Tone with light followed by shock Randomized trials A B B A A A B A B B B A etc Classical Conditioning Principles Generalization A new stimulus resembling the original elicits a response similar to CR Extinction Weakening of the relationship between the CR and the CS by continual presentation of the CS alone Spontaneous Recovery CR recurring after a time delay Higher order conditioning A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus Example Why I hate Dave Matthews October 31 2012 Classical Conditioning Applied Conditioning Fear John Watson s experiment on 11 month old Little Albert Each time he reached for the rat Watson made a loud clanging noise right behind Albert Little Albert s fear generalized to just about anything white and furry What could Watson and Rayner have done to remove this fear from Little Albert if they were given the opportunity Conditioned Taste Aversion When an organism becomes nauseated some time after eating a certain food which then becomes aversive to the organism Original Study John Garcia and his radiated rats Physiological Conditioning Even physiological responses can be classically conditioned which demonstrates that the process is truly automatic Learned helplessness Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures Classic Study Martin Seligman Real Life Applications Operant Conditioning consequences Operant conditioning changes in voluntary behavior based on experienced Rewards and Punishments Edward Thorndike s Law of Effect Responses followed by pleasurable consequences
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