The Psychoanalytic Approach Sigmund Freud Freud believed that the unconscious mind was a crucial key Defense Mechanisms Ego s protective method to deal with unacceptable impulses and anxiety Denial protecting ourselves from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it Displacement Redirection of an impulse away from the person who promotes it and towards a safe substitute Reaction Formation transforms an unacceptable impulse or thought into its opposite Projection Projecting one s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others Projective Tests ambiguous virtual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind Rorschach inkblock test 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli Freud s Theory of Personality Development 5 Main Psychosexual Stages Each emphasizes an erogenous zone Must Resolve Conflict between zones and society 1 Oral Stage The erogenous zone is the mouth The Primary conflict weaning and teething First year of life 2 Anal 3 Phallic One to three years Involves development of the ego Primary conflict is toilet training Three to six years Involves development of the superego as a result of the Oedipus complex Sexual attraction sexual interest Oedipus Complex a boy s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealously and hared for the rival father Castration anxiety Electra Complex Female version of the Oedipus Complex Six to puberty Sexual feelings repressed same sex play social skills developed Penis envy 4 Latent 5 Genital Stage At puberty Sexual feelings resurface and are consciously expressed appropriately Problems Arise Fixation stuck in a stage due to inadequate completion of an earlier stage Regression During time of stress we regress to incomplete stages Some other examples anal retentive personality clean desk anal expulsive personality sloppy The Trait Theory Approach Trait Theories of Personality Trait a consistent enduring way of thinking feeling or behaving Gordon Allport developed a method to organize traits according to their influence Cardinal Traits extremely strong how you deal with friends family relationships career where your gonna live what your gonna eat today etc Influential Central Traits pretty strong leveled influence consistent not as influential as cardinal traits ex Creative shy artistic Secondary Traits More flexible more based on context Ex Outgoing Not as influential as the central traits Raymond Cattell using factor analysis outlined a distinct set of source traits which form the core of everyone s personality The Five Factor Model Costa McCrea Openness creativity how open you are to new ideas trying new things more of a down to earth kind of person Conscientiousness organization more of a list maker highly organized careful ambitious hard working so on Extraversion sociability how you interact with other people extraverted interactive with people be around other people talkative Agreeableness likeability how well liked you are by others kind warm caring understanding of other people cheerful Neuroticism stability very emotionally unstable every little thing sets them off OCEAN to remember them Child Development Development What is development development distinct changes Pattern of changes in human capacities across the lifespan Nature versus Nurture is genetics or environment more important for Continuous versus Discontinuous is development marked by gradual or Stability versus Change do we remain the same or change during development Reflexes Reflex Unlearned automatic response to a particular stimulus Rooting reflex touching the cheek Sucking Reflex object placed in mouth Moro reflex startled by noise loss of support Palmer grasp reflex touching of the palm Babinski reflex stroking sole of the foot Tonic neck reflex turned to head to the side Physical Development Salutatory Growth growth in spurts rather than continuous in nature Motor Development Cephalacaudal trend Top to bottom Proximodistal trend Center outward Cognitive Development Jean Piaget s 1896 1980 Cognitive Approach Schema a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Adaptation Assimilation Interpreting one s new experience in terms of one s existing schemas Adaptation Accommodation Changing one s current understandings schemas to incorporate new information Driven towards equilibrium motivation to learn is driven by discrepancies Piaget s Stage Theory Sensorimotor first 2 years Understanding the world through sensory experiences Object permanence understanding that an object out of view still exits A Not B error task Preoperational Period 2 7 years Development and use of internal images and symbols Transductive Thinking inferences based on single attribute ex Boy running to emergency room because he thinks he s getting another baby brother Animistic Thinking inanimate objects given living characteristics Concrete Operations 7 11 years old Start of true logical thinking yet based on the present Formal Operations 11 years abstract problem solving abilities occurring during adolescence Metacognition Side effects of these new abilities include the Imaginary Audience Phenomenon The Personal Fable feeling unique Optimism Bias Pseudo stupidity Conservation of Substance do the two pieces have the same amount of Conservation of Number do the two rows have the same number of Conservation Tasks clay pennies Horizontal Decalage Attachment Emotional tie to another person Body Contact and Early Theories Drive Reduction Model caregiver provides reduction of the drive of hunger Caregiver contact comfort Harlow s Experiments Operant conditioning model positive interactions lead to reinforcing of behaviors Bowlby s Theory of Attachment Pre attachment Phase birth to 6 weeks Attachment in the making phase 6 weeks to 6 to 8 months Clear cut Attachment 6 to 9 months to about 18 months Mary Ainsworth s Strange Situation Test A procedure used to study attachment in which an infant is placed in a novel environment and is observed reacting to it in the presence and then absence of a caregiver Types of attachment Securely attached two out of three children Cry When caregiver returns calmed quickly Follow after mother Insecurely attached avoidant and resistant Avoidant not secure base go out and start exploring not really show stranger anxiety When caregiver leaves don t cry or fuss Cannot count on caregiver Resistant higher rate of anxiety greater rates of dependency on others Parenting Styles How relationships differ among families Diana Baumrind
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