1Lecture 13: BiotechnologyObjectivesDefine biotechnology Identify biotechnologies in common useDifferentiate between types of biotechnologyKey Terms:Recombinant DNA, fermentation, selection marker, bioremediation, Genetically Modified Organism, Sandwich assay, monoclonal antibody, gene therapy, transgenic, vector, bovine somatotropin, Bt, recombinant proteinUseful Websitehttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/raven6b/graphics/raven06b/other/raven06b_19.pdfBiotechnologyDefinition: Technology that is derived from living things and their natural processes.General Categories• Medical Biotechnology-Vaccines, diagnostics, pharmaceuticals • Industrial Biotechnology - Enzymes and microorganisms for processing products• Environmental Biotechnology -Microorganisms for bioremediation• Agricultural Biotechnology - Enhanced crops, feed and fertilizersMedical Biotechnology• Diagnostics– Every time you leave a sample…• Pharmaceuticals– What are you putting in your mouth?– Antibiotics, vaccines, chiral molecules and lots more• Gene Therapy• Vaccines• Xenograft and transplants etc..Medical Biotechnology• Antibody production– Immunoglobins = globs that make you immune– Glcosylated proteins– Stick to one “epitope” specifically – High affinity interaction (real sticky)• Recombinant protein– Combine bacterial and somebody’s DNA– Bacteria express protein (express = squeeze out)– Protein from bacterial slaves is used for somethingAgricultural Biotechnology•Enhanced Plants– Genetically Modified Plants (GMO)– Insect Resistance– Herbicide Resistance– Increased Nutrition•Enhanced AnimalsEnvironmental BiotechnologyMicroorganisms for bioremediation• Miniature toxin demolition machinesGreen technology for decontamination• Plants that take toxins2Industrial Biotechnology• Enzymes – Its not just soap!– Its not really a stone• Microorganisms– Processing products– BioindicatorsWhat is the antibody for?Three questions you may have pondered1. What happens when you pee on the stick?2. What happens to the “specimen” on the other side of the wall?3. Should this medical test really take three days?Medical BiotechnologyMonoclonal Antibody Production• Key tool for finding small molecules in biological samples• Cells from a mouse are grown in a bioreactor• Cells produce the antibodyMedical BiotechnologyMedical BiotechnologyRecombinant Insulin• Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas– It is essential for the regulation of glucose in the body– The pancreas of a diabetes patient has lost the ability to produce insulin. • Before recombinant biotech processes in the 1980's, only animal insulin was available.– Usually sourced from pigs– Only available in limited quantitiesMedical BiotechnologyRecombinant Factor IX• Hemophilia B– A coagulation disorder characterized by a deficiency in Factor IX (no scabs) – Excessive bruising, spontaneous bleeding – Excessive bleeding follows moderate to severe trauma, dental work, or surgery • Treatment and management– Factor IX Concentrate, or Fresh Frozen PlasmaRisk of hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV– Recombinant plasma and albumin-free Factor IXNo risk of contamination3Recombinant Insulin• Clone the human cDNA (spliced gene)• Transfer the plasmid to bacteria (E. coli)Recombine human DNA into bacterial plasmidRecombinant Insulin• Grow a pot load of bacteria that make the insulin protein (fermentation)• Isolate the protein from all the other stuff that was in the fermentation tank (purification)• Convert the insulin to its active form (processing)New Biomed Tech• Gene Therapy– Weak virus that makes a missing protein– Thought to be the silver bullet for some genetic diseases. – Drawbacks• Sometimes the virus is stronger that the patient. • Unexpected side affects• Gene Pills– Transient expression- If its bad, it won’t last that long• Antibody Drugs - ImmunotherapyGene Pill1. Gene pill delivers DNA to Intestine2. DNA is absorbed by gut cells3. Protein drug is synthesized inside the cells4. Protein drug is secreted into the bloodGene Therapy and Gene VaccinesAntibody DrugsImmunotherapy1. Use the immune system to attack targets2. Use Ab to attach cancer drugs or radioisotopes.Key Point: Exogenous antibody is used to find targetsApplicationsCancer targetsCancer cells have unique cell surface markersBy attacking the unique marker good cells are left aloneImportance– Better defense against a big killer– And…4Antibodies as PharmaceuticalsNew Class of inflammation reliefEnbrel (Amgen)Humira (Abbott)Remicade (Schering-Plough)Protein compounds that block signals that start inflammation …InflammationReceptorCellDeathInflammationSignalInflammationAntibodies bind signal moleculeLoose receptors bind signal moleculeFinding the Bulls in BiotechThe sector is blazing, the science ever more titillating. But with share prices up 214% in three years, can biotech stocks go even higher? The right onescan.FORTUNETuesday, January 22, 2002 By Brian O'Keefe If any one product is emblematic of trends in the biotech market, it's Rituxan. This soon-to-be blockbuster is already driving growth for two of the biggestbiotechs--IDEC Pharmaceuticals, which makes the drug, and Genentech, which markets it. The two companies split sales of roughly $800 million in 2001. As its adoption spreads, Rituxan, which fights a type of cancer known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is on track to surpass the $1 billion mark this year. And sales are expected to grow by 20% annually over the next five years. Key PointAgricultural Applications• Herbicide Resistance – Glyphosate (Roundup)• Nitrogen Fixation (less fertilizer)• Insect Resistance (less pesticide)• Nutritional Improvement– Rice and Malnutrition • Vitamin A- Beta carotene• Iron- ferritin, phytate, metallothionin• Animals– Bovine Somatotropin (BST)– Transgenic lactoferrin (HLF) – Cloning and TransgenicsPlant BiotechnologyPlants can be modified to bring about many types of changes which can be of benefit to consumers, the food industry, farmers and people in the developing world. Genetic modification can also contribute towards a more sustainable form of agriculture and bring environmental benefits.Plant BiotechnologyBordeaux MixtureCHARLES DEXTER WARDNature 404, 337 (2000) © Macmillan Publishers Ltd.If at first you can't convince people about the benefits of GM crops — cheat.I'm spraying my tomatoes with bordeaux
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