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MSU ISB 202 - lecture17

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1CommunicationGoals:1. Learn how and why animals communicate2. Learn types of chemical communication: pheromones, kairomones & allomones3. Compare methods of animal communicationto human behavior4. Understand the purpose and mechanisms of visual communication• See examples of the varied uses of coloration in insect communication5. Understand the benefits and disadvantages of using various methods of communication Web Reading:Fireflies:http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/980626.Turpin.fireflies.htmlhttp://lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/forum/acarlson1.htmlhttp://iris.biosci.ohio-state.edu/projects/FFiles/frfact.htmlhttp://lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_1999/matthies.htmhttp://www.news.cornell.edu/Chronicle/97/9.4.97/firefly.htmlhttp://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/eisner/pogona.htmlSocial Behaviorhttp://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/01/56/cog00000156-00/199709001.htmlhttp://www.kuleuven.ac.be/bio/ento/cooper.htmhttp://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/monarch.htmlhttp://www.monarchwatch.org/biology/pred1.htmhttp://birding.about.com/hobbies/birding/library/weekly/aa020799.htm?iam=mt&terms=%2Bcourtship+%2Bdisplayshttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wolves/howl.htmlhttp://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/flint.htmhttp://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=2702Insects and Soundhttp://cibra.unipv.it/insec.htmlhttp://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_Cicadas/Michigan/Index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Northeast/03/12/cicadas.return.ap/1. Sender2. Message3. Receiver4. MEDIUMTHE FOUR (4) KEY ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATIONOther Communication Terms:· Signal · Noise · Mimicry · Uses of Communication· Benefit one or both participants· Provide Stimulus· Provide InformationIntra & InterspecificCommunication· Mating· Predation21. Visual 2. Acoustic 3. Chemical4. Tactile 5. CombinationTypes of stimuliVisual CommunicationsDisadvantages· May be visible to predators· Only works over short distancesAdvantages· Little risk of noise (misinterpretation)· Wider range of expression than odorCopyright Dr. Dennis KunkelFirefly Communication2. Prey AttractionOther females use their light to attract males of other species, which she devours1. Mate FindingSome females use their light to attract males of her own species for mating.over 2000 species Chemical = luciferase3. WarningFireflies are toxic to many types of lizards, and spiders and birds exhibit oral deterrence. Fireflies are known to contain lucibufagins, which are related structurally to toxins such as the bufodienolidesof toads and the cardenolides of plants4. Intimidation of PredatorsA bright flash of light in the face of a predator causes confusion and allows time for escapeVisualAnimal Coloration 1. Concealment 3. AdvertisementMonarch4. False Advertisement = MimicryViceroy2. DistractionVisualPupa looks like a broken twigThe tasty female swallowtail (top right) mimics the poisonous pipevine butterfly (top left) in areas where their populations overlap. Elsewhere, the adults are yellow (bottom)The Tiger Swallowtail: Master of Disguise!Bird-dropping = larvaThree molts later… snake-eyesVisualAggressive mimics:Whereas Batesian mimics just want to be left alone, aggressive mimics want something else--food for exampleZone-tailed hawkTurkeyvultureRed-tailedhawkThe zone-tailed hawk mimics the flight silhouette of a turkey vulture (which does not eat rodents) in order to trick prey into false securityMimicryBatesian mimics:look like distasteful organisms, even though they, themselves are harmlessThe left snake in each pair is poisonous (and the center snake in group E)Poisonous Non-poisonousMullerian mimics:imitate other poisonous individuals, creating a recognizable “distasteful type”Visual31. Visual 2. Acoustic3. Chemical4. Tactile 5. CombinationTypes of stimuliAcousticAdvantages· A large sound can be generated by a small creature· You don’t have to be seen to be heard· Can be used over long distancesDisadvantages· Signal is broadcast to intended andunintended receivers· Noise creates issuesPurpose of Sounds Aggression: The hippo’s voice can be heard for over 3 miles both above and below water and is used to claim territoryAggregation: Hyenas “giggle” and “whoop” to call clan members to aid the huntCourtship signal: Cicadas are the loudest insects, and the males use their calls to attract matesAlarm: Hissing cockroaches hiss when disturbed, in an attempt to warn off attackersCopulation: Tortoises (and other animals) usually vocalize during copulation in order to enhance the possibility of fertilizationAcousticSound GenerationTymbal organs: buckle inwards causing pressure changes in the abdominal cavity, from which sound is radiatedCourtesy of the University of Michigan Museum of ZoologyStridulation: rubbing rough part of body against another such as wings or legsVocal cords or larynx: long, smoothly rounded bands of muscle tissue that may be lengthened or shortened, tensed or relaxed, and opened or closed. Opening and closing of the vocal folds periodically interrupts the air stream to produce a tone within the cranial cavities. AcousticTypes of SoundsIntentionalCrickets, rattlesnakes, and most other animals make noise specifically to communicate a messageIncidentalThe sound made by bees, flies or mosquitoes comes from noise of their wings beatingAcousticAuditory Communication Among InsectsMost vocal group:Orthoptera(Grasshoppers, crickets and katydids)Allonemobius allardiEunemobius carolinusOecanthus latipennisOecanthus nigricornis Oecanthus niveusBradyporus macrogasterLOUDEST GroupCicadas- 106 db!Acoustic4AudiospectrographsA visual recording of a sound’s frequency, amplitude and time5 species of cricketsCricketBatHumpback whale23451Acoustic1. Seasonal2. Geographic distribution3. Habitat selection4. The Environment72 degrees93 degreesMichiganJapanBorneoMating seasonCauses of song/sound differences1. Visual 2. Acoustic 3. Chemical4. Tactile 5. CombinationTypes of stimuliChemical Communication Advantages· Sender need not be exposed· Better for long distance than visual or acoustic· Large variety of signals· Reduced risk of interceptionDisadvantages· Lag Time· Time to dissipate· Limited Information Content, Highly context-sensitiveClassification of communication chemicalsReleaser: Immediate RESPONSEPrimer Long term ChangesTime scalePheromonesKairomonesAllomonesWho Benefits?The Sender or The


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