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MSU ISB 202 - Microevolution
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MicroevolutionSelective Breeding & EvolutionDomestication of DogsResults of Artificial SelectionEvolutionary TheoriesEarly Scientific TheoriesConfounding EvidenceBiogeographyComparative MorphologyComparative AnatomyGeological Discoveries19th Century - New TheoriesThe Theory of UniformityDarwin’s VoyageVoyage of the BeagleGalapagos IslandsGlyptodonts & ArmadillosMalthus - Struggle to SurviveGalapagos FinchesDarwin’s TheoryAlfred WallaceOn the Origin of SpeciesMissing LinksPopulations EvolveThe Gene PoolVariation in PhenotypeWhat Determines Alleles in New Individual?Genetic EquilibriumFive ConditionsMicroevolutionary ProcessesGene MutationsHardy-Weinberg RulePunnett SquareFrequencies in GametesNo Change Through GenerationsNatural SelectionReproductive Capacity & CompetitionVariation in PopulationsChange Over TimeResults of Natural SelectionDirectional SelectionPeppered MothsPesticide ResistanceAntibiotic ResistanceStabilizing SelectionSelection for Gall SizeDisruptive SelectionAfrican FinchesSexual SelectionBalanced PolymorphismSickle-Cell Trait: Heterozygote AdvantageGene FlowGenetic DriftComputer SimulationSlide 55BottleneckFounder EffectInbreedingMicroevolutionChapter 16Selective Breeding & Evolution•Evolution is genetic change in a line of descent through successive generations•Selective breeding practices yield evidence that heritable changes do occurDomestication of Dogs•Began about 50,000 years ago•14,000 years ago - artificial selection–Dogs with desired forms of traits were bred•Modern breeds are the resultResults of Artificial Selection•Extremes in size–Great Dane and Chihuahua •Extremes in form–Short-legged dachshunds–English bulldog•Short snout and compressed face•Extreme traits lead to health problemsEvolutionary Theories•Widely used to interpret the past and present, and even to predict the future•Reveal connections between the geological record, fossil record, and organismal diversityEarly Scientific Theories•Hippocrates - All aspects of nature can be traced to their underlying causes•Aristotle - Each organism is distinct from all the rest and nature is a continuum or organizationConfounding Evidence•Biogeography•Comparative anatomy•Geologic discoveriesBiogeography•Size of the known world expanded enormously in the 15th century•Discovery of new organisms in previously unknown places could not be explained by accepted beliefs–How did species get from center of creation to all these places?Comparative Morphology•Study of similarities and differences in body plans of major groups•Puzzling patterns:–Animals as different as whales and bats have similar bones in forelimbs –Some parts seem to have no functionComparative AnatomyPythonHumanGeological Discoveries•Similar rock layers throughout world•Certain layers contain fossils•Deeper layers contain simpler fossils than shallow layers•Some fossils seem to be related to known species19th Century - New Theories•Scientists attempt to reconcile evidence of change with traditional belief in a single creation event•Two examples–Georges Cuvier - multiple catastrophes–Jean Lamark - inheritance of acquired characteristicsThe Theory of Uniformity•Lyell’s Principles of Geology•Subtle, repetitive processes of change, had shaped Earth•Challenged the view that Earth was only 6,000 years oldDarwin’s Voyage•At age 22, Charles Darwin began a five-year, round-the-world voyage aboard the Beagle•In his role as ship’s naturalist he collected and examined the species that inhabited the regions the ship visitedVoyage of the BeagleEQUATOR GalapagosIslandsGalapagosIslandsIsabelaDarwin Wolf Pinta Marchena Genovesa FernandiaSantiagoBartoloméRabidaPinzonSeymourBaltraSanta CruzSanta FeTortugaEspañolaSan CristobalFloreanaVolcanic islands far off coast of EcuadorAll inhabitants are descended from species that arrived on islands from elsewhereGlyptodonts & Armadillos•In Argentina, Darwin observed fossils of extinct glyptodonts•Animals resembled living armadillosMalthus - Struggle to Survive•Thomas Malthus, a clergyman and economist, wrote essay that Darwin read on his return to England•Argued that as population size increases, resources dwindle, the struggle to live intensifies and conflict increasesGalapagos Finches•Darwin observed finches with a variety of lifestyles and body forms•On his return he learned that there were 13 species•He attempted to correlate variations in their traits with environmental challengesDarwin’s TheoryA population can change over time when individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduceAlfred Wallace•Naturalist who arrived at the same conclusions Darwin did•Wrote to Darwin describing his views•Prompted Darwin to finally present his ideas in a formal paperOn the Origin of Species•Darwin’s book•Published in 1859•Laid out in great detail his evidence in support of the theory of evolution by natural selectionMissing Links•If one species can evolve into another, there should be transitional forms•When Darwin published his work, no such forms were known•First fossil Archaeopteryx found in 1860Populations Evolve•Biological evolution does not change individuals•It changes a population•Traits in a population vary among individuals•Evolution is change in frequency of traitsThe Gene Pool•All of the genes in the population •Genetic resource that is shared (in theory) by all members of populationVariation in Phenotype•Each kind of gene in gene pool may have two or more alleles•Individuals inherit different allele combinations•This leads to variation in phenotype•Offspring inherit genes, NOT phenotypesWhat Determines Alleles in New Individual? •Mutation •Crossing over at meiosis I•Independent assortment•Fertilization•Change in chromosome number or structureGenetic Equilibrium•Allele frequencies at a locus are not changing•Population is not evolvingFive Conditions •No mutation•Random mating•Gene doesn’t affect survival or reproduction•Large population•No immigration/emigrationMicroevolutionary Processes•Drive a population away from genetic equilibrium•Small-scale changes in allele frequencies brought about by:–Natural selection–Gene flow–Genetic driftGene Mutations•Infrequent but inevitable•Each gene has own mutation rate•Lethal mutations •Neutral


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