DOC PREVIEW
MSU ISB 202 - Final Exam Study Guide

This preview shows page 1-2 out of 7 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 7 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 7 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 7 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

ISB 202 1nd EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 23-25Lecture 23 (April 17)Water Pollution- Increase in population- Increase in standard of living- Increase in pollution (water)Freshwater Shortages- U.N. estimates one out of five people lack access to safe drinking water.o 2.6 billion lack acceptable sanitation.- At least 45 countries, mostly in Africa and the Middle East, are considered to have serious water stress.- Water shortages could lead to wars as population grows and climate change dries up some areas. An underlying cause of the Darfur genocide is water scarcity.Major Water Compartments- Oceans -97% of all liquid water in the world.- Contain 90% of world’s living biomass- Moderate earth’s temperature- Gulf Stream carries 100X more water than all rivers on earth.- Average residence time of water in the ocean is about 3,000 years- Glaciers, Ice, and Snowo 2.4%-3% of world’s water is classified as fresh. 90% in glaciers, ice caps, and snowfields.- Groundwatero Second largest reservoir of fresh water Infiltration - process of water percolating through the soil and into fractures and permeable rocks- Zone of aeration - upper soil layers that hold both air and water- Zone of saturation - lower soil layers where all spaces are filled with watero Water table - top of zone of saturationGroundwater- Aquifers - porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock lying below the water tableo Artesian - Pressurized aquifer intersects the surface (water flows without pumping).- Groundwater- Recharge zones - area where water infiltrates into an aquifer Presently, groundwater is being removed faster than it can be replenishedWorldwide Water Use- Water use is divided into agriculture, domestic use and industrial use.- Agriculture ~ 70%- Domestic and industry water use ~ 30%- Water PollutionQualitative water problemo Pollutant: Any material causing deleterious ecological effects or health problems- Water Pollution effects- Aesthetics- Biologicalo Die offso Biomagnification- Public healtho Toxicity- Local effectso Contaminated wells, rivers, lakes, etc.o http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23961854- Ecological effectso EutrophicationWater Pollution Sources- Point Sourceo Source of contamination originates from a specific point or areao Example: Effluent Pipes Some Parameters used to Assess Water Quality- DO or dissolved oxygen- Turbidity – the amount of sediment carried in the water- BOD – biological oxygen demand – gives a measure of how much oxygen is needed in the water body – indicates the rate of decomposition and oxygen use in the water- Some Parameters used to Assess Water Quality (cont’d)- Nutrient load – Nitrogen, Phosphates, Potassium, and others- Allochthonous inputs – materials added to the water body from outside the water body, such as leaves, salmonEutrophication- Natural- Aging process of a lake or stream- Cultural- Speeds up the natural processLecture 25 (April 24)Per Capita Consumption- Richest countries have consumed nearly 80% of all commercial energy despite having only 20% of population. This is changing.o India’s oil consumption has doubled since 1992. China went from self-sufficiency to the world’s second largest oil importer.o Many countries are competing for a limited resource.o Americans use 6.5 billion gal, but produce only 2.5 billion gal. We import the rest, whichis becoming increasingly problematic.Per Capita Energy Use- Each person in a rich country consumes nearly as much oil in a day as the poorest people in the world consume in a year.- Some countries such as Norway, Denmark and Japan have a much higher standard of living than the U.S. but use half as much energy per person.- This suggests that we could keep our standard of living while conserving energy.Age of Electricity- Generator invented in 1831- Electricity produced when pass magnet through a coil of coppero Turbine does this automatically- Uses of Crude Oilo Transportationo Produce Electricityo Manufacture of medicineso Fertilizerso Production of Foodstuffso Plastico Building materialso Paintso ClothAdvantages- New fracking techniques are making new sites more profitable- Domestic natural gas production has gone up 30% since 2000- Wells can produce for up to 50 years- Fosters economic development in small communities- Natural gas is better than coal for the environmento “Transitional Fuel”Environmental Issues- Could contaminate ground and surface water o Backflow chemicals from fracking process may cause contamination- Quantity of water usedo Too much water being taken from local ecosystems- Alternative Energy What alternative forms of energy are there that can turn a turbine- Nuclear Power- Fission- Fuel-uraniumNuclear Disadvantages- Nuclear weapons proliferation- Nuclear plant accidents- Chernobyl, Fukushima- Large Capital inputs – emergency containment systems, containment and storage systemsRadioactive Waste Management- U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to build a high-level waste repository near Yucca Mountain Nevada in 1987.o Radioactive waste would be buriedAdvantages of Nuclear power- Cost similar to Coal- Produces minimal GH gases- High energy output- Reliable power source- Modern Safety methods much more reliable- New mini reactors-Size of a car could power 45,000 homes- Proposed Energy Conservation Policies:o Distributional Surcharges Small fee on utility customers to finance renewable energy R & Do Renewable Portfolio Suppliers must get minimum percentage of power from renewable sources.o Green Pricing Allows utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices for renewable


View Full Document

MSU ISB 202 - Final Exam Study Guide

Documents in this Course
33

33

2 pages

lecture13

lecture13

10 pages

Cloning

Cloning

3 pages

lecture23

lecture23

10 pages

17

17

2 pages

lecture5

lecture5

10 pages

13

13

3 pages

36

36

2 pages

05

05

2 pages

02

02

3 pages

Load more
Download Final Exam Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Final Exam Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Final Exam Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?