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MSU ISB 202 - lecture12-BW-2004
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Lecture 12: EvolutionBiological Change Over TimeMicroevolutionary ProcessesMicroevolutionPowerPoint PresentationGenotypes, Phenotypes and Environmental EffectsGenetic Equilibrium Allele frequencies at a locus are not changingWhat happens when the rules are broken?Rule #1 No MutationVariation in the gene pool?Rule #2 No ImmigrationGene FlowRule #3 Survival or Reproductive AdvantagePillars of Natural SelectionBasics of Natural Selection Capacity and CompetitionSlide 16Results of Natural SelectionDirectional SelectionStabilizing SelectionDisruptive SelectionResistanceExample: Pesticide ResistanceSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Insects Evolve at a High RateSexual SelectionBalanced PolymorphismSickle-Cell Trait: Heterozygote AdvantageRule #4 Large PopulationGenetic DriftSlide 35Large Population SimulationBottleneck SimulationRule #5 Random MatingInbreedingSlide 40Macroevolution and SpeciationBiological Species ConceptMorphology & SpeciesVariable MorphologyIsolation and DivergenceReproductive Isolation Can’t allow gene flowSpeciationAllopatric EffectExtensive Divergence Prevents InbreedingHawaiian IslandsHawaiian HoneycreepersSlide 52Speciation without a BarrierSpeciation by PolyploidyPossible Evolution of WheatParapatric SpeciationAre We All Related?Patterns of Change in a LineageEvolutionary TreesGradual ModelPunctuation ModelAdaptive RadiationSlide 63ExtinctionWho Survives?Critics of EvolutionJones vs. Smith Returning a cracked kettleSlide 68Slide 69Mechanism of EvolutionSlide 71Factors that cause changeSlide 73Lecture 12: EvolutionLecture 12: EvolutionKey terms: Key terms: Reading:Reading:Ch16: MicroevolutionCh16: MicroevolutionCh17:SpeciationCh17:SpeciationCh18:MacroevolutionCh18:MacroevolutionBiological Change Over Biological Change Over TimeTimeMicroevolutionMicroevolutionChanges with in Changes with in speciesspeciesWell defined Well defined mechanismmechanismEasily observedEasily observedBased on Based on selectionselectionMacroevolutionMacroevolutionChange from one Change from one species to anotherspecies to anotherUndefined Undefined mechanismmechanismInterpretation of:Interpretation of:–CladisticsCladistics–Fossil recordFossil record–Geological dataGeological dataMicroevolutionary Microevolutionary ProcessesProcessesDrive a population away from Drive a population away from genetic equilibriumgenetic equilibriumSmall-scale changes in allele Small-scale changes in allele frequencies brought about by:frequencies brought about by:–Natural selectionNatural selection–Gene flowGene flow–Genetic driftGenetic driftMicroevolutionMicroevolutionGeneticsGeneticsMicroevolution Microevolution changes a population changes a population not individualsnot individualsTraits in a population Traits in a population vary among vary among individualsindividualsMicroevolution is Microevolution is change in frequency change in frequency of traitsof traitsNatural SelectionNatural SelectionReproductive success Reproductive success for winning for winning phenotypesphenotypesActs directly on Acts directly on phenotypes and phenotypes and indirectly on genotypesindirectly on genotypesThe first changed The first changed individual has no individual has no advantageadvantageThe Gene PoolThe Gene PoolAll of the genes in the All of the genes in the population population Genetic resource that Genetic resource that is shared (in theory) is shared (in theory) by all members of by all members of populationpopulationPhenotype VariationPhenotype VariationTwo copies of each gene (2 Two copies of each gene (2 alleles)alleles)Inherit different allele Inherit different allele combinationscombinationsDifferent combinations= Different combinations= different phenotypesdifferent phenotypesInherit genotype, NOT Inherit genotype, NOT phenotypesphenotypesVariation is inheritedVariation is inheritedFig. 10.18, p. 166Genotypes, Phenotypes Genotypes, Phenotypes and Environmental Effectsand Environmental EffectsHimalayan rabbit experimentHimalayan rabbit experiment1.1.Pluck harePluck hare2.2.Grow hair with cold packGrow hair with cold packRabbits share genotype but phenotype Rabbits share genotype but phenotype is dependent on environmental is dependent on environmental conditionsconditionsGenetic EquilibriumGenetic Equilibrium Allele frequencies at a locus are not Allele frequencies at a locus are not changingchanging 5 Rules for Equilibrium5 Rules for Equilibrium1.1.No mutationNo mutation2.2.No immigration/ No immigration/ emigrationemigration3.3.Gene doesn’t affect Gene doesn’t affect survival or reproductionsurvival or reproduction4.4.Large populationLarge population5.5.Random matingRandom matingInterpreteInterpreteddNo VariationNo VariationNo VariationNo VariationNo selectionNo selectionNo selectionNo selectionNo selectionNo selectionWhat happens when What happens when the rules are broken?the rules are broken?Rule #1 No MutationRule #1 No MutationBiological information changesBiological information changesEach gene has own mutation Each gene has own mutation raterate–What determines rates?What determines rates?Effect of mutations on selectionEffect of mutations on selection–LethalLethal–Neutral Neutral –Advantageous AdvantageousVariation in the gene Variation in the gene pool? pool? 1.1.RecombinationRecombination•Crossing over at meiosis ICrossing over at meiosis I2.2.Independent assortmentIndependent assortment•Meiosis II (haploid germ cells)Meiosis II (haploid germ cells)3.3.FertilizationFertilization•Haploid + haploid = diploidHaploid + haploid = diploid4.4.Changes in chromosome Changes in chromosome number or structurenumber or structure5.5.Mutations Mutations Reorganizing InformationChanging InformationRule #2 No Rule #2 No ImmigrationImmigrationImmigration from a separate, Immigration from a separate, segregated populationssegregated populations–New variationNew variationAllelesAllelesMutationsMutationsEffects of immigrationEffects of immigration–Shifts allele frequencyShifts allele frequency–Introduces new mutations through Introduces new mutations through breedingbreedingGene FlowGene FlowPhysical flow of alleles into a Physical flow of alleles into a populationpopulationTends to keep the gene pools of Tends to keep the gene pools of populations similarpopulations similarCounters the differences Counters the differences between two populations that between two


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