Lecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon1Managing Biological Resources & Environmental Equality“The Business of Hunger”Now playing: Kurt Bestor, Sam Cardon“Prayer of the Children”For more than half a century I have worked with the production of more and better wheat for feeding the hungry people, but wheat is merely a catalyst, a part of the picture. I am interested in the total development of human beings. Only by attacking the whole problem can we raise the standard of living for all people in all communities, so that they will be able to live decent lives. This is something we want for all people on this planet. --Dr. Norman Borlaug, (1914 - present) 1970 Nobel Prize winnerWhat greater human right is there than the right to eat? Senator Bob Dole (1923 - 1998)A man who has bread has many problems, a man withoutbread has only one.Byzantine Proverb1. Why does hunger exist in a world of plenty?3. Will technology and a global economy solve hunger?A Degenerating Circle: Poverty, Environment & Economy2. What changes in today’s world food production?VideoThe Business of HungerPBS TV DocumentaryMaryknoll World Video Library914-941-7590Are you able to Apply the Following:Structure + Process = Patternto the following lecture?Growing disparities in incomes among regions05,00010,00015,00020,00025,0001970 1975 1980 1985 1990(per capita income in constant international dollars)Africa Asia Latin AmericaW. Europe N. AmericaWhat causes war among you? You desire and do not have so you…Lecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon2People on the Move-63-9-1366-41739102-392-85971340111404-1500-1000-50005001000Net Number of Migrants (thousands)Africa Asia Europe LatinAmerica andCarribeanNorthAmericaOceaniaNumber (thousands)Rate (per 100,000 population)How do the following factors contribute to hunger?• War/Genocide/Discrimination/Technology– Alternative Approaches to Equity & Valuation of People• Disease• Environmental Disaster• Economic Disaster• Invasive Species• Trade/Economics/Globalism• Build-out, Sprawl or Poorly Planned DevelopmentUrban Growth Spurt Continues0123456789101950 1975 2000 2025Population (billions)Rural Developed Urban DevelopedRural Developing Urban Developing0 1 2 3 4 5 Yield (metric tons/hectare)1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Wheat YieldRice YieldMaize YieldYields Are Up, But the Rate of Growth is SlowingDespite Gains, Millions Go Hungry02004006008001,0001969-71 1979-81 1990-92 2010(million persons suffering from undernutrition)Sub-Saharan Africa Near East and North AfricaEast and Southeast Asia South AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanLecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon3World Totals(million hectares)Vegetation Removal 579Overexploitation 133Overgrazing 679Agricultural Activities 522Industrial and Bioindustrial 23Degraded Soil Means Less Food050100150200250300350(millions of hectares degraded)World Africa North andCentralAmericaSouthAmericaAsia Europe OceaniaVegetation Removal OverexploitationOvergrazing Agricultural ActivitiesIndustrial and BioindustrialFood Supply Increasingly Relies on Irrigation0246810121961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991(percent)Africa Asia Latin America EuropeNorth America Oceania World0204060801001201401601961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991(million metric tons)AfricaAsiaSouth and Central AmericaEuropeNorth AmericaOceaniaWorldMore fertilizer: More food, but more pollution tooProgress in Feeding the World Has Varied Widely by Region801001201401601801961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996Index Numbers 1961=100U.S.S.R. (former) AfricaAsia EuropeWorld Latin AmericaWhat factors may contribute to these results?The Lesson of the Former USSR!Lecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon4Some people argue that it’s not a matter of too little food...US Surplus of grain today? < 68 days!How do you think hunger and malnutrition contribute to:• Brain development?• Energy level• Mental attitude• Ability to resist disease• Ability to compete in a global marketplace• Reproduction• SustainabilityLecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon5-Increasing food productionWhat can YOUdo?• Aquaculture• Biotechnology• Add plants to human diet• Sustainable agricultureHunger: What can we do to:Farmed Fish Are a Growing Share of the Global Fish Harvest0204060801001201984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995(million metric tons)Total Capture Total AquacultureBiotechnologyGlobal Area of transgenic cropsWeed Infested Soybean PlotWeed-infested soybean plot (left) and Roundup Ready® soybeans after Roundup treatment. Source: MonsantoEuropean Corn Borer & Cotton BollwormEuropean corn borer (left) and cotton bollworm (right) are two pests controlled by Bt corn and cotton, respectively.Source: USDA.Lecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon6Corn hybrid with a Bt gene (left) and a hybrid susceptible to European corn borer (right). Source: MonsantoResults of insect infestation on Bt (right) and non-Bt (left) cotton bolls. Source: USDACorn rootworm feeding on a young maize root. Source: USDARange of damage due to corn rootworm feeding, from severe (left) to no damge (right). Source: USDACrops, Traits, and AcreageThe most important transgenic crop in terms of acreage planted is soybean, followed by corn, cotton, and canola.Adoption of transgenic crops (genetically engineered) in the United States has been far greater than in many other countries. The following graph shows the acreage of transgenic crops in the United States (1996-2001)Lecture 22, ISB 202, Spring 2002, Whalon7World Transgenic (Genetically Engineered)Crop Production USA 74.8 soybean, corn, cotton, canolaArgentina 24.7 soybean, corn, cotton, canolaCanada 7.4 soybean, corn, canolaChina 1.2 cottonSouth Africa 0.5 corn, cottonSustralia 0.4 cottonMexico minor cottonBulgaria minor cornRomania minor soybean, potatoSpain minor cornGermany minor cornFrance minor cornUruguay minor soybeanTransgenic crop production area by country (source: James, 2003b)CountryArea planted in 2000 (millions of acres)Crops grownVideoRisky Business: Biotechnology & AgricultureMoving Images Video Project2408 East Valley StreetSeattle, WA 98112206-323-9461So What’s the Big Deal about GMO’s Anyway?• Science seems to confirm that there is no health issue, but….• Who owns the technology?• Who stands to gain most by the technology?• Developed countries that can’t compete tend to what to ban or decrease GMO imports…• Many 2/3 world countries will take
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