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MSU ISB 202 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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ISB 202 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 9)Introduction to ScienceWhat is science?- a methodical, logical process for producing knowledge about natural phenomena- a cumulative body of knowledge produced by scientists- a process based on careful observation and hypothesis testingThe Scientific Method:• Observation – looking in a way to understand• Hypothesis – a testable statement that explains the observation• Experiment – a test of the hypothesis using a control for comparison of results• Conclusion – a summary of results (hypothesis correct or incorrect) based on the experimental results• Publish – making results available to the worldThe Rule of Falsification- Observations can support hypotheses- Observations to the contrary can disprove or falsifyScientific consensus (general agreement among informed scholars) - stems from a community of scientists who collaborate in a cumulative, self-correcting process.Paradigm shifts (great changes in explanatory frameworks) - occur when a majority of scientists agree that an old explanation no longer works very well.Pure Science – Research done simply to answer a theoretical question.Applied Science – the use of knowledge gained from pure science for some functional purpose.Skepticism and Accuracy in Science- Ideally scientists are skeptical and unbiased.- Scientists strive for:– accuracy - correctness of measurements– reproducibility - repeatability of results– replication - repeating studies or tests Deductive reasoning - logical reasoning from general to specificInductive reasoning - reasoning from many observations to produce a general ruleSystem Characteristics • Positive feedback loop - when a flow leads to compartment changes that further enhancethe flow• Negative feedback loop - dampens flow• Equilibrium - dynamic state in which system is changing little over time (homeostasis)• Disturbance - periodic destructive events such as fire or flood• Resilience - ability of system to recover quickly from disturbanceLecture 2 (January 14) Ecological Economics: Economic Solution to Improve Environmental QualityFull cost pricing:- Internal Costs (Direct)o Those factors which drive the market price- External Costs (Indirect) o Harmful effects passed on Measuring Well Being- Genuine Progress Index- Takes into account real per capita income, distributional equity, natural resource depletion, and environmental damage- Environment Performance Index - Indicators are tracked in six areas (environmental health, air, water, productive natural resources, biodiversity and habitat, and sustainable energy)- Human Development Index- Used by United Nations and incorporates life expectancy, educational attainment, standard of living- Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) - Maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality. It captures the losses in human development due to inequality in health, education and income.Emissions Trading - Cap and trade o Mandate upper limits on pollution (the cap)o Companies that cut pollution by more than they are required can sell the credit to other companies that are not meeting their mandated levelsInternational Development- Two-thirds of $25 billion is loaned annually for developing world projects comes from the World Banko Many projects have been environmentally destructiveo Loans often go to corrupt governmentso This gives third world countries debts that they cannot repayFair Trade- Producers receive a fair price (a living wage) for commodities, farmers receive a stable, minimum price.- Forced labor and exploitative child labor are not allowed- Buyers and producers trade under direct long-term relationships- Producers have access to financial and technical assistance- Sustainable production techniques are encouraged- Working conditions are healthy and safe- Equal employment opportunities are provided for all- All aspects of trade and production are open to public for accountabilityLecture 3 (January 16) Structure of the Planet- Core – solid; nickel and uranium; thermonuclear reactions; produces heat- Mantle – molten liquid rock; plastic; moving- Crust – solid; composed of “plates”; floats on mantle. Made of 3 types of rock (Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary)Gradation – down cuttingDiastrophism –uplift- movement of solid rockVolcanism – uplift- movement of liquid rockVolcanism – the movement of liquid rock- Lava – on surface- Magma – below surface- Igneous Rock (Basalt, Granit)ePlate Tectonics• Tectonic Plates2 Kinds of Plates- Continental: Igneous, Granite, Large Crystals, Less Dense, 30-45 miles thick - Oceanic: Igneous, Basalt, Small Crystals, More Dense, 4-5 miles thickPlate Boundaries- Convergent: two plates colliding - Divergent: plates moving away from each other- Transform: plates moving in opposite ways verticallyLecture 4 (January 21) Globalization- It is occurring!- Human Nature goal is to improve standard of living- India has every 1 in 6 people on planet (the nation is in Poverty by U.S. Standards) - China has every 1 in 4 people on planet (it is quickly developing)- The planet will have 9 – 12 billion people by 20502 Major Global Problems- Overpopulation - (Developing Nations)- Over consumption - (Developed Nations)Sustainable Society: One that accommodates its needs without compromising the ability of future generations from doing the sameLecture 5 (January 23) Ecological Footprint- Ecological Footprint measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes under prevailing technology- That is, it measures the extent to which humanity is using nature's resources faster than they can regenerate - A child born in a wealthy country is likely to consume, waste, and pollute more in her/hislifetime than 50 children born in poorer nations Levels of Organization- Biosphereo “The integrated living and life-supporting system comprising the peripheral envelope of Planet Earth together with its surrounding atmosphere so far down, and up, as any form of life exists naturally.”- Vladimir Vernadsky (1863 – 1945)o That component of our planet where life is able to exist. Biospheric Principleso The biosphere is holoceonotic and self-adjusting; it is never static (constantly changing). Humans put more people


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MSU ISB 202 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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