Lecture 16, ISB 202, Spring 2003, Whalon1Behavior II : Terms and Applications010203040506070attend class 1 missed quiz 2+ missed quizesAverage grade on Midterm 2Come to Class, PASS the classMidtermCalculating your grade1. Each Test Grade * 0.252. Quiz average * 0.253. Add everything up!ExampleTests: 67, 75Quiz average: 88Tests: 16.75, 18.75Quiz average: 22Sum: 57.5Maximum grade:57.5 + 25 = 82.5Scaled ScoresGoals:1. Understand what Behavior is.2. Be able to identify types of movement and orientation3. Understand various types of Learning4. Be familiar with examples of various behavioral strategiesWebsites:http://www.ex.ac.uk/bugclub/raiders.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nsu/011101/011101-6.htmlhttp://www.desertusa.com/mag98/sep/stories/kbees.htmlhttp://bees.ucr.edu/http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plants_Human/bees/bees.htmlhttp://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/michodo/test/home.htmhttp://powell.colgate.edu/wda/Beginners_Guide.htmhttp://fly.to/dragonfliesRead Chapter 41 (big book) or 28 (little book)PheromonesChemical released by an individual of a species to elicit a response from another (usually of the opposite sex) of the samespecies: benefits both sender and receiver.Kairomones:Chemicals Released by one species that elicit a response in individuals of anotherspecies which favors the receiverAllomones (Allo = other)Chemicals released by one species that elicit response in an individual of anotherspecies which favors the senderReview of Communication Terms & ConceptsPoisonous Non-poisonousMullerian mimics:imitate other poisonous individuals, creating a recognizable “distasteful type”Batesian mimics:look like distasteful organisms, even though they, themselves are harmlessReview of Communication Terms & ConceptsLecture 16, ISB 202, Spring 2003, Whalon2Tactile Communication:Use of touch to elicit behavioral responsehttp://ag.udel.edu/departments/ento/staff/Tallamy/tallamy.htmAdvantages· Little risk of noise (misinterpretation) or interception· Sender has high confidence that message was receivedDisadvantages· Have to be in contact!· Risk: Remember…You’re in striking distanceCombination Communication: Using all of the media-Visual- Acoustic- Chemical- TactileWhat is Behavior?Does Behavior Have a Common Denominator?1) What organisms do… the ways in which an organism adjusts to and interacts with its environment2) Regulation of bodily status using movement·Genetics: The Blueprint of the ship and all of its components·Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology:The finished battleship, complete with all moving parts·Behavior: The Captain / decision making personnel and how they chose to use the ship·Ecology & Evolution: The Battleship environment and whether the ship is a winner or is sunk.What is Behavior? The Battleship AnalogyAnthropomorphism:- Ascribing human purposes or qualities to other animalsNervesLecture 16, ISB 202, Spring 2003, Whalon3PhotoreceptionHuman Visual SpectrumMechanoreceptorsSetaChemoreceptionPhotoreceptorsNervesReflex arc: physiological link between a sensor through a part of the central nervous systemNervesWhat is Movement?Types of movement:Physical transport through nervous coordination1. Postural: Maintaining a spacial relationship without displacement/distance2. Manipulative: Moving something in the environment3. Locomotory: Displacement and/or distance under own power4. Phoretic: Displacement using another organism. “Hitching a ride.”MovementWhat Behaviors do insects use when foraging for resources?Taxis (Directed Search): Headings are selected with a left/right bias 1. Phonotaxis- Orienting toward sound2. Chemotaxis- Orienting toward a smell3. Phototaxis- Orienting in relationship to a light source4. Anemotaxis- Orienting in relationship to windKinesis (Indirect Search): New headings are selected at random· Arrestment is importantMovementRhythms of behaviorNocturnal – Night time activityDiurnal- Daytime ActivityCrepuscular- Evening activityCircadian – Circa (about), dies (day). A rhythm that lasts approximately 24 hoursCircannual – Yearly rhythmTypes of Behavior• Innate (Instinct): Genetically inherited disposition• Learned: Behavioral response is altered as a result of experience.• Mechanistic: Nervous fixed-action pattern. Once started, difficult (or even impossible) to stopLecture 16, ISB 202, Spring 2003, Whalon4What is Learning?Changes of behavior mediated by experience LearningTypes of Learning· Imprinting: Time dependent· Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s dog· Operant Conditioning: Trial and Error· Cognition: Organism creates an internal understanding of world or past experience·Bees and Wasps return to their homesCan insects learn? ·Fruit flies learn new hosts· Most insects avoid toxic foodsHomeHomeLearningBehavior is functional and evolutionaryFrom Alcock- Animal BehaviorThe individual- Genetic- Developmental- PhysiologicalThe BehaviorReproduction?Behavior is functional and evolutionarySexual Selection: Evolution of traits that give an individual an edge when competing for matesTypes of tools1. Attractants2. Arrestants3. Repellents4. Noise5. CombinationsWays humans can manipulate animal behaviorsCoordination: Killer Bees• Correct name: Africanized Honey Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata• African bees were imported to Brazil in 1956 to breed hybrid bees better-adapted to tropical climate •Escaped quarantine in 1957 and bred with “native” species -- honeybees are not native to the New World. They were originally brought by European colonistsLecture 16, ISB 202, Spring 2003, Whalon5New hybrid bees-- Africanized Honey Bees -- are slightly smaller than the European beesFABIS - Fast Africanized Bee Identification SystemBee sample takenWings measuredProbable positive? DNA analysis3/8-1/2 inch long...but only an expert can tell them apartWhich is which?Killer bees European beesKiller bees• Earned the name “killer” due to the fact that they, unlike native bees, will attack in a swarm, and will attack under less provocation • Doesn’t have to be a physical disturbance to “set them off”: vibrations from vehicles, pedestrians, and noise may cause attacks• Bees may remain agitated for 24 hours after the disturbance, attacking people and animals up to 1/4 mile from the hiveKiller bees• When foraging for pollen, however, they are no more likely to sting than native bees.• They do NOT have stronger venom, and can only sting once, like native bees• However, they are 10 times more likely to sting, when
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