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MSU ISB 202 - Climate

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ISB 202 1nd Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Ecological InteractionOutline of Current Lecture II. ClimateIII. Energy and The Greenhouse EffectIV. System CharacteristicsV. The Atmosphere and Climate VI. Southern OscillationCurrent LectureClimate- 2 Primary Factors Driving Climateo Moistureo Temperature- Factors Driving Global Climateo Greenhouse Effecto Albido Effecto Latitudeo Wind Currentso Ocean Currentso Greenhouse Effecto Natural Processo Relies Upon AtmosphereThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Gravityo Size of the Planet- Greenhouse Gases (CO2, H20, Methane, Nitrogen Oxides)Energy and the Greenhouse Effect- Most solar energy reaching the Earth is near infrared (short wavelength)- Energy reemitted by the earth is mainly far infrared radiation (long wavelength, heat)o Longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heatclose to the earth’s surfaceo Greenhouse Effect: Atmosphere transmits sunlight while trapping heat.- Greenhouse Effecto Gases in the atmosphere, especially carbon dioxide and water vapor, are the substances that retain heat.o Burning fossil fuels releases extra carbon dioxide.o Deforestation destroys carbon sinks.o Positive feedback loop: poles covered with ice reflect solar radiation back into space. Now that ice is melting, open water is absorbing more heat, which in turnis melting more ice, leading to more warming.System Characteristics- Positive feedback loop - when a flow leads to compartment changes that further enhance the flow- Negative feedback loop - dampens flow- Equilibrium - dynamic state in which system is changing little over time (homeostasis)- Disturbance - periodic destructive events such as fire or flood- Resilience - ability of system to recover quickly from disturbanceThe Atmosphere and Climate- Weather - daily temperature and moisture conditions in a place- Climate - a description of the long-term weather pattern in a particular area- Where do autumn colors come from?o Pigmentso Chlorophyll - gives leaves their basic green color and enables plants to use sunlight to manufacture sugars. o Carotenoids- produce yellow, orange, and brown colors in such things as corn, carrots, and daffodils, as well as rutabagas, buttercups, and bananas. o Anthocyanins give color to such familiar things as cranberries, red apples, concord grapes, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and plums. They are water soluble and appear in thewatery liquid of leaf cells.Southern Oscillation- Warm surface water in Pacific Ocean moves back and forth between Indonesia and South America.o Most years, the pool is held in western Pacific by steady equatorial trade winds.o Surface waters driven westward by trade winds are replaced by upwelling of cold, nutrient rich waters off west coast of South America. Nutrients supply food for fisheries.o Every three-five years the Indonesian low collapses and the mass of warm surface water surges back east and we call this an El Nino.o During an El Nino year, the northern jet stream pulls moist air from the Pacific over the U.S.o Intense storms and heavy rains from California to the Midwesto During intervening La Nina years, hot, dry weather is often present.o ENSO events are becoming stronger and more irregular due to global warming.o Ocean Currents- Thermohaline Circulation- Warm and cold ocean currents strongly influence climate conditions on land.o As surface water moves, deep water wells up to replace it.o Ocean circulation also driven by differences in water density due to temperature and saltiness of


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MSU ISB 202 - Climate

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