Slide 1Slide 2Microevolution Vs Macroevolution: DefinitionsMechanism of EvolutionBiological Change Over TimeMicroevolutionary ProcessesMicroevolutionSlide 8Genotypes, Phenotypes and Environmental EffectsGenetic Equilibrium Allele frequencies at a locus are not changingWhat happens when the rules are broken?Rule #1 No MutationVariation in the gene pool?Slide 14Rule #2 No ImmigrationGene FlowRule #3 Survival or Reproductive AdvantagePillars of Natural SelectionBasics of Natural Selection Capacity and CompetitionSlide 20Results of Natural SelectionDirectional SelectionSlide 23Stabilizing SelectionResistanceExample: Pesticide ResistanceSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Insects Evolve at a High RateSlide 34Disruptive SelectionBalanced PolymorphismSexual SelectionSickle-Cell Trait: Heterozygote AdvantageRule #4 Large PopulationGenetic DriftSlide 41Rule #5 Random MatingInbreedingSlide 44Macroevolution and SpeciationBiological Species ConceptMorphology & SpeciesVariable MorphologyIsolation and DivergenceReproductive Isolation Can’t allow gene flowSpeciationAllopatric EffectExtensive Divergence Prevents InbreedingHawaiian IslandsHawaiian HoneycreepersSlide 56Speciation without a BarrierSpeciation by PolyploidyPossible Evolution of WheatParapatric SpeciationAre We All Related?Patterns of Change in a LineageEvolutionary TreesGradual ModelPunctuation ModelAdaptive RadiationSlide 67ExtinctionWho Survives?Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Factors that cause changeSlide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Lecture 9Evolution: Lecture 9Evolution: Now Playing:Snog“The Human Germ”Goals:Goals:1. Define truth, geological record, phylogeny, cladistics 1. Define truth, geological record, phylogeny, cladistics 2. Review naïve inductivism, understand concepts of truth, materialism, naturalism, replication, saltation, punctuated equilibrium, missing links, thermodynamics, speciation, predictability, natural selection, chance2. Review naïve inductivism, understand concepts of truth, materialism, naturalism, replication, saltation, punctuated equilibrium, missing links, thermodynamics, speciation, predictability, natural selection, chance3. Relate topics to life, science, health and agriculture 3. Relate topics to life, science, health and agriculture Assignment:Assignment:Read: Chapter 16, 17, 18Read: Chapter 16, 17, 18Websites: http://www.religioustolerance.org/abs_true.htm http://earth.ics.uci.edu/http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/creation/index.htmlhttp://lrc.geo.umn.edu/people/teed/papers/macroev.htmlhttp://www.intellectualcapital.com/issues/issue178/item1315.asphttp://www.religioustolerance.org/evolutio.htmhttp://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/3900_Fossils.htmhttp://www.fossilnews.com/1996/cladistics.htmlReproductionReproductionVariationVariationSurvivalSurvivalSelectionSelectionMicroevolution Vs Macroevolution: DefinitionsMicroevolution Vs Macroevolution: DefinitionsMechanism of Mechanism of EvolutionEvolutionMechanism of Mechanism of EvolutionEvolutionVariationVariation–Mutations- new Mutations- new allelesalleles–Natural SelectionNatural Selection–Genetic DriftGenetic Drift–Gene FlowGene FlowSelectionSelection–Directional SelectionDirectional Selection–Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing Selection–Disruptive SelectionDisruptive SelectionVariationVariation–Mutations- new Mutations- new allelesalleles–Natural SelectionNatural Selection–Genetic DriftGenetic Drift–Gene FlowGene FlowSelectionSelection–Directional SelectionDirectional Selection–Stabilizing SelectionStabilizing Selection–Disruptive SelectionDisruptive SelectionSurvivalSurvival–Selective forcesSelective forcesAbiotic- weather, natureAbiotic- weather, natureBiotic- diseasesBiotic- diseasesCompetitionCompetitionReproductionReproduction–Advantageous traits Advantageous traits must be passed to must be passed to progenyprogeny–Ability to pass on the Ability to pass on the genotype to the next genotype to the next generation is the generation is the measure of successmeasure of successSurvivalSurvival–Selective forcesSelective forcesAbiotic- weather, natureAbiotic- weather, natureBiotic- diseasesBiotic- diseasesCompetitionCompetitionReproductionReproduction–Advantageous traits Advantageous traits must be passed to must be passed to progenyprogeny–Ability to pass on the Ability to pass on the genotype to the next genotype to the next generation is the generation is the measure of successmeasure of successBiological Change Over Biological Change Over TimeTimeMicroevolutionMicroevolutionChanges with in Changes with in speciesspeciesWell defined Well defined mechanismmechanismEasily observedEasily observedBased on Based on selectionselectionMacroevolutionMacroevolutionChange from one Change from one species to anotherspecies to anotherUndefined Undefined mechanismmechanismInterpretation of:Interpretation of:–CladisticsCladistics–Fossil recordFossil record–Geological dataGeological dataMicroevolutionary Microevolutionary ProcessesProcessesDrive a population away from Drive a population away from genetic equilibriumgenetic equilibriumSmall-scale changes in allele Small-scale changes in allele frequencies brought about by:frequencies brought about by:–Natural selectionNatural selection–Gene flowGene flow–Genetic driftGenetic driftMicroevolutionMicroevolutionGeneticsGeneticsMicroevolution Microevolution changes a population changes a population not individualsnot individualsTraits in a population Traits in a population vary among vary among individualsindividualsMicroevolution is Microevolution is change in frequency change in frequency of traitsof traitsNatural SelectionNatural SelectionReproductive success Reproductive success for winning for winning phenotypesphenotypesActs directly on Acts directly on phenotypes and phenotypes and indirectly on genotypesindirectly on genotypesThe first changed The first changed individual has no individual has no advantageadvantageThe Gene PoolThe Gene PoolAll of the genes in the All of the genes in the population population Genetic resource that Genetic resource that is shared (in theory) is shared (in theory) by all members of by all members of populationpopulationPhenotype VariationPhenotype VariationTwo copies of each gene (2 Two copies of each gene (2 alleles)alleles)Inherit different allele Inherit different allele
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