1. In Darwin’s view of descent with modificationa. An organism’s traits only affect its own survivalb. Natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environmentc. Individuals can evolved. Environmental changes have no effect on the organisms living in that environment2. In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shownto be driven by __________a. Habitat differentiationb. Mechanical isolationc. Sexual selectiond. Post-zygotic barriers3. Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation?a. Whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Oceanb. Pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascarc. Mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utahd. Fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges4. The biological species concept emphasizes __________a. Molecular differences ecological nichesb. The evolution of reproductive isolationc. Morphological and structural featuresd. Common ancestry5. Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?a. One species of frog mates in April, but another mates in Mayb. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspringc. The sperm of a marine worm can only penetrate eggs of the same speciesd. One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows6. Three species of frogs all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is an example of a _____ barrier, called _____.a. Prezygotic barrier, behavioral isolationb. Postzygotic; hybrid breakdownc. Prezygotic; temporal isolationd. Postzytotic, mechanical isolation7. Which of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?a. Reproductive isolationb. Sympatric speciationc. Adaptive radiationd. Mass extinction8. A population of squirrels is preyed on by hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows, the larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. After severalgenerations, the squirrels tend to be very large or very small. What process isresponsible for this outcome?a. Stabilizing selectionb. Directional selectionc. Disruptive selectiond. Balancing selection9. Which of the following is the best example of gene flow?a. A small population of humans colonizes a new islandb. Genes are shuffled by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosisc. An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon, splitting a population of toads apartd. Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs10. An earthquake hits a small island. All but a small group of closely related lizards are eliminated, and the survivors spread out over the island. This is an instance of _____.a. Founder effectb. Bottleneck effectc. Gene flowd. Mutation11. A population of 15 birds inhabits a fairly new island. Twn of the birds are dark brown and five are light brown. By chance, two of the dark brown birds and three of the light brown birds die before producing offspring. All of the birds in the next generation are dark brown. This can be attributed to _____.a. Natural selectionb. Genetic driftc. Gene flowd. Disruptive selection12. In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, whatpercentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease?a. 4%b. 8%c. 16%d. 32%13. In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1% of the individuals in a population show the recessive trait of a certain characteristic. In this situation, what is the value of p?a. 99%b. 0.81c. 0.9d. 0.1814. In a large population of bonobos, the frequency of the recessive allele is initially 0.1. There is no migration and no selection. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? Assume that there are two alleles of this gene. a. 10%b. 20%c. 50%d. 90%15. In the context of populations, how do we define evolution?a. A change in the population’s allelic frequencies over generationsb. Evolution is the tendency for some individuals in a population to leavemore offspring than othersc. Evolution is the way in which sexual reproduction can rapidly spread advantageous traits throughout a populationd. Always caused by natural selection16. To describe evolution as a “scientific theory” means that __________.a. It is an untested ideab. It is a matter of opinionc. It is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidenced. It can be considered dogma17. When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killingflies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that _____. a. Mosquitoes that survive spraying develop an immunity to the insecticideb. Many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristicsc. Mosquitoes are deliberately adapting themselves to this man-made change in the environmentd. The original spraying has caused a permanent mutation, giving the insects genetic resistance to the spray18. The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________.a. Speciesb. Genotypec. Individuald.
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