1. In Darwin’s view of descent with modification _____.a. An organism’s traits only affect its own survivalb. Natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environmentc. Individuals can evolved. Environmental changes have no effect on the organisms living in that environment2. The smallest unit that can evolve in a(n) _____.a. Speciesb. Genotypec. Individuald. Population3. Vestigial organs are _____.a. Remnants of structures that were useful to an organism’s ancestorsb. One piece of evidence that does not support the theory of evolutionc. Examples of anatomical imperfections such as the human kneed. Homologies that can only be observed in embryos4. To describe evolution as a “scientific theory” means that _____.a. It is not factualb. It is a matter of opinionc. It is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidenced. It can be considered dogma5. In the context of populations, how do we define evolution?a. Evolution is a change in a population’s allelic frequencies over generationsb. Evolution is the tendency for some individuals in a populations to leave more offspring than othersc. Evolution is the way in which sexual reproduction can rapidly spread advantageous traitsthroughout the populationd. Evolution is always caused by natural selection6. In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 represents _____.a. The total alleles in the gene poolb. The frequency of heterozygous dominant individuals in the populationc. The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in the populationd. The expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population7. In a large population of bonobos, the frequency of the recessive allele is initially 0.1. What is thefrequency of the dominant allele? Assume that there are two alleles of this gene.a. 10%b. 20%c. 50%d. 90%8. In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 1% of the individuals in a population show the recessive trait of a certain characteristic. In this situation, what is the value of p?a. 99%b. 0.81c. 0.9d. 0.189. In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive).If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group has the selectiveadvantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease?a. 4%b. 8%c. 16%d. 32%10. Which of the following sets of conditions is required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?a. A large population, no mutations, and natural selectionb. A large population, random mutations, and no migrations of alleles in or outc. No mutations, sexual selection, and no natural selectiond. Random mating, no natural selection, and a large population11. A population of 15 birds inhabits a fairly new island. Ten of the birds are dark brown and five of them are light brown. By chance, two of the dark brown birds and three of the light brown birds die before producing any offspring. All of the birds in the next generation are dark brown. This change in phenotypic frequency can be attributed to _____.a. Natural selectionb. Genetic drifc. Gene flowd. Disruptive selection12. An earthquake hits a small island. All but a small group of closely related lizards are eliminated, and the survivors spread out over the island. This is an instance of _____.a. Founder effectb. Bottleneck effectc. Gene flowd. Nonrandom mating13. Which of the following is the best example of gene flow?a. A small population of humans colonizes a newly formed islandb. An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon, splitting a population of toads apartc. Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occursd. All the mutations in a population were neutral14. A population of squirrels is preyed upon by small hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows. The larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. Afer several generations, the squirrels in the area tend to be very small or very large. What process is responsible for this outcome?a. Stabilizing selectionb. Directional selectionc. Disruptive selectiond. Balancing selection15. Which one of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur?a. Reproductive isolationb. Sympatric speciationc. Mass extinctiond. Interbreeding among neighboring populations16. Prezygotic barriers _____.a. Prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related speciesb. Prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adultc. Prevent fertilization from occurring between members of the same species with incompatible genesd. Prevent donkeys and horses from mating17. Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a_____ barrier, called _____.a. Prezygotic barrier; behavioral isolationb. Postzygotic; hybrid breakdownc. Prezygotic; temporal isolationd. Postzygotic; mechanical isolation18. Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?a. One species of frog mates in April, another mates in Mayb. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspringc. The sperm of a marine worm can only penetrate eggs of the same speciesd. One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows19. The biological species concept emphasizes _____.a. Molecular differencesb. The evolution of reproductive isolationc. Common ancestryd. Morphological and structural features20. Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation?a. Whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Oceanb. Pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascarc. Mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utahd. Fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on organs21. In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shown to be driven by _____.a. Habitat differentiationb. Mechanical isolationc. Sexual selectiond. Post-zygotic
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