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ISU BIOL 211 - exam 2 review notes

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Chapter 31: Fungi- fungi are most closely related to ANIMALS- body structure: made of tiny filaments called HYPHAE, cell walls are made out of CHITIN, hyphae form a MYCELIUM- septate: SEPTA form crosswalls in the hyphae; SEPTATE fungi are fungi with septa- coenocytic: fungi that lack crosswalls (lack septa)- nutrition: fungi are absorptive heterotrophs (they secrete digestive enzymes that partially digest their food so they can absorb it)- reproduction: o sexual reproduction: often go through this when environmental conditions are poor can use spores for sexual reproduction (ex. asci, basidium, zygosporangia) release of pheromones brings hyphae of fungi together, they fuse plasmogamy: union of 2 cytoplasms karyogamy: fusion of 2 nuclei, forms diploid cell- meiosis restores haploid conditiono imperfect fungi: only have asexual reproduction, ex. yeasto asexual reproduction: can also be in form of spores (ex. conidia)- haustoria: extensions of fungi present in some species of fungi, help the fungi feed on plants and animals - mycorhizzal fungi: fungi help plant roots take up phosphate, plant helps fungi take up nutrientsChapter 32: Intro to Animal Diversity- reproduction/development: DIPLOID stage is dominanto ZYGOTE undergoes CLEAVAGE to form a BLASTULA which undergoes GASTRULATION to form a GASTRULA cleavage: cell division without growth o protostome development: cleavage is SPRIAL and DETERMINATE, the blastopore of the gastrula develops intothe MOUTH o Deuterostome development: cleavage is RADIAL and INDETERMINATE, the blastopore of the gastrula becomes the ANUS- ecdysozoans: shed through ECDYSIS (molting or shedding)- lophotrochozoans: some have Lophophore (crown-shaped feeding structure) or trocophore (larval stage)- germ layerso ectoderm: forms outer cover and central nervous system (ex. brain)o mesoderm: forms muscles and organso endoderm: lines digestive tubeo Diploblastic: organism that has 2 germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm)o Triploblastic: organism that has 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)- coelom: body cavity derived from the mesodermo acoelomate: lacking a coelom (body cavity)o Pseudocoelomate: has a “fake coelom”, derived from mesoderm AND endoderm (not just mesoderm)o coelomate: has a true coelom, derived only from the mesodermo metamorphosis: change in FORMChapter 33: Invertebrates- sponges: lack symmetry, lack true tissues, sedentary (don’t move)o how do they feed? suspension feeders, use CHOANOCYTES to move water to help find foodo how do they reproduce? hermaphrodites (produce both male and female gametes)- cnidariao body plan: sac with a central digestive compartment, single opening is mouth and anus, 2 forms: polyp (sedentary) and medusa (mobile)o use CNIDOCYTES for feeding- Platyhelmintheso FLATWORMSo body plan: acoelomates, no organs for gas exchange, mostare parasites- rotiferso reproduction: PARTHENOGENESIS (female species don’t need males to reproduce unless environmental conditions are poor)- molluscso basic body plan: 3 main body parts (foot, mantle, visceral mass)o torsion: developmental process where visceral mass twists so that anus ends up above head- annelidso segmented wormso reproduction: are hermaphrodites- nematodeso roundwormso important parasites of humans and plants (importance is that they can be harmful to us)- arthropodso majority of extant (living) animals are arthropodso derived characteristics: exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented, have an open circulatory system and organs specialized for gas exchange- insectso derived characteristics: have head, thorax, and abdomen, complex digestive organs, and 3 pairs of legso incomplete metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adulto complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa, adulto have a tracheal system- crustaceanso have branched appendages specialized for feeding and movement- echinoderms (“spiny skin”)o NO TERRESTRIAL SPECIES o slow moving or sessileo have a water vascular system and tube feet Chapter 34: Vertebrates- chordateso derived characteristics: - notochord: longitudinal- dorsal-hollow nerve chord- muscular post-anal tail- pharyngeal slits - craniateso chordates with a heado unique feature: NEURAL CREST- vertebrateso Deuterostomeso bilaterians (bilateral symmetry)o have a backbone- gnathostomeso vertebrates with true jaws- jaws developed from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits o enlarged forebrain, enhanced sense of smell and visiono tetrapod development: have limbs and feet, developed when fins became more limb-like - amphibianso FIRST CHORDATE to spend a portion of their lives on lando amphibian: “both ways of lives”o rely on moist skin and moist environments- reptileso derived characteristics:- have scales to protect from drying and abradingo development of an amniotic egg containing 4 specialized membranes to protect the embryo- allowed vertebrates to move to terrestrial environmentso endothermic: generates body heat through metabolismo ectothermic: absorbs heat externally from the environment- mammalso derived characteristics: mammary glands, hair, are endothermic, have diaphragms- montremes: no nipples- marsupials: have pouch - eutherians: have placentas, longer period of pregnancy- evolution of humanso humans are members of PRIMATE APE groupo human evolution is not a “ladder” leading directly from early human-like groups to current species (Homo sapiens);it is branching o hominin species:- Homo habilis: oldest species of hominin groups- Homo ergaster: first fully bipedal (walking upright on 2 feet)- Homo erectus: first hominin to leave Africa- Homo neanderthalensis: lived in Europe, large with prominent brow- Homo sapiens: originated in Africa, what is present


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ISU BIOL 211 - exam 2 review notes

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