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ISU BIOL 211 - Exam 2 review answer

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EXAM 2 REVIEW - ANSWERS1. Animals and fungi are heterotrophic and have eukaryotic cells.2. Fungi acquire nutrition through absorption, while animals acquire nutrition through ingestion.3. Fungi are heterotrophs that have diverse lifestyles. The three lifestyles are symbiotic relationships, decomposition, and parasitism. Which type of lifestyle do mychorrizae represent? Symbiotic relationship4. Both fungi and arthropods have cell walls made of chitin.5. Fungi are composed of long, thin filaments known as hyphae that make up the mycelium of each plant. This should have a large surface area in order to increase absorption rate .6. Some fungi have cell walls in their hyphae that are called septa. Not having these means they are aseptate, consist of one cell(s) and have many nuclei.7. A specialized form of hyphae that can be parasitic or mutualistic is called haustoria.8. When two mycelia (positive and negative) join together to reproduce sexually, their cytoplasm mixes together, a process called plasmogamy. The process that happens afterward when their nuclei fuse is called karyogamy.9. What does it mean to be dikaryotic? Which types of organisms can be dikaryotic? Dikaryotic (di=two, kary=nucleus) means a cell has two nuclei that haven’t fused yet. Fungi have this.10. Name the three differences between oomycetes (a protist) and fungi. Oomycetes have a diploid dominant ploidy, cell walls made of cellulose and flagellated cells. Fungi have a haploid dominant ploidy, cell walls made of chitin and no flagellated cells.11. The dominant stage of fungi is haploid ploidy; for animals, diploid.12. What is the product of sexual reproduction? How does asexual differ? When does meiosisoccur? The product of sexual reproduction is a zygote. Asexual reproduction differs in that all offspring are identical to the parent and there is no zygote involved. Meiosis occurs in the making of spores.13. True or False: Fungi have gametes like animals do. False14. True or False: “Imperfect fungi” have no known sexual reproductive stages. True15. Why are spores useful to fungi? They are good methods of dispersal.16. Zygomycota, a phyla of fungi, produces a zygosporangium. What is its main purpose? Toprotect the zygote until conditions are favorable.17. Ascomycota, a phyla of fungi, produces a sac called a(n) ascus in which it produces ascospores.18. What are the four important impacts that fungi have on ecosystems and humans? Decomposers, symbiotic relationships with plants AND animals, human uses and pathogens (on plants AND animals).19. Draw a diagram of the early embryonic development. Include the following: blastula, cleavage, gastrula, gastrulation, blastopore. What happens in each step? Zygote –Cleavage Blastula –Gastrulation Gastrula with blastopore. During cleavage mitosis (replication of cells) occurs. During gastrulation the embryo forms germ layers and the blastopore.20. What are the three germ layers? Which one is the outside? Inside? Middle? Endoderm (inside), mesoderm (middle) and ectoderm (outside).21. What are the four parts of animal’s body plan? Symmetry, embryonic development, organization of tissues and type of body cavity.22. What phylum is radially symmetric and diploblastic? Cnidaria23. What is the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry? Diploblastic andtriploblastic? Deuterostome and protostome? Radially symmetric organisms can be slicedany way and have symmetric pieces. Bilaterally symmetric organisms can only be sliced one way to have 2 symmetric pieces. Diploblastic means 2 germ layers, triploblasticmeans 3. Deuterostomes develop the anus from the blastopore, and protostomes develop the mouth.24. What are the three possible coeloms? Describe them. What characteristic does an animal have to have a body cavity? What is the importance of a body cavity? Acoelomates, which have no coelom (filled with mesoderm); pseudocoelomates, which have a body cavity partially lined with mesoderm; and coelomates, which have a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. An animal must be triploblastic to have a body cavity. A body cavity is important for the protection of organs, provides space for the growth of organs and acts like a skeleton for some animals.25. True or False: There has been one giant cycle of diversification and extinction throughouttime. False26. Porifera: Name its symmetry, whether or not is has true tissues, what the purpose of choanocytes are. True or False: Porifera organisms have perforated bodies. Asymmetrical; no true tissues; choanocytes are for feeding purposes; true.27. Cnidaria: Name its symmetry, whether or not is has true tissues, what the purpose of cnidocytes are, tissue organization. True or False: Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity. Radial symmetry; has true tissues; cnidocytes are for feeding; diploblastic; true.28. Polyp is the sessile form of Cnidarians, while medusa is the mobile form.29. Corals do what two important functions? What phylum do corals belong to? Corals, a part of the Cnidarians, provide environments for other organisms and break tidal waves for islands.30. Lophotrochozoans: Name its symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, 3 phyla within this group. True or False: Lophotrochozoans begin to show cephalization. Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; protostome; Platyhelminthes, Mollusca and Annelida. 31. Platyhelminthes have what type of coelom? Many species that we studied are parasitic/free-living. Acoelomates; parasitic.32. Plathelminthes have a pharynx. What is it for? It’s an inverted mouth for eating.33. The final host is important to a parasite because that is where sexual reproduction occurs;it is necessary to complete the life cycle.34. Parasites have important characterisitics: They do not tend to kill their host, they have an increased reproductive effort and they do change the behavior of their host.35. The classes Tubellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda all belong to what phylum? Are they parasitic, or free-living? They belong to Platyhelminthes. Tubellaria is free-living, and Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic.36. Mollusca differ from platyhelminthes, in that they are coelomates and have a complete digestive system.37. Describe an open vs. closed circulatory system. An open system has a heart that pushes blood into the body (that is then circulated by the organism’s muscles). A closed system has blood that is always contained within vessels and the heart.38. Mollusca have five parts


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ISU BIOL 211 - Exam 2 review answer

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