BOLOGY 107 Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Divisions in Chemistry II Properties of Carbon III Functional Groups of Molecules a Classes of groups b Functions of groups IV Macromolecules a What macromolecules are b Classes of macromolecules Outline of Current Lecture V Macromolecules cont a Carbohydrates i What a carbohydrate is ii Functions b Lipids i What a lipid is ii Fats iii Phospholipids iv Function c Steroids Current Lecture Macromolecules 1 Carbohydrates a Joined by dehydration creating a glycosidic linkage b The same monosaccharide can be used to make different polysaccharides i The linear form can form a ring in different directions causing different bonding points c Play many roles in many organisms d Can be simple linear simple branched or complex branched e Storage function i Starch store converted energy in plants These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1 Energy source for herbavores 2 Helical polymer of glucose a Can be branched ii Glycogen store energy for animals 1 Total in storage about 1 day without replacement a Replace by eating or using fat storage 2 Helical polymer a Highly branched b Stored near muscles f Structural function i Cellulose comprises cell wall in plants 1 Linear polymer no helix associating through hydrogen bonds 2 Indigestible by most animals most bacteria can digest it a Animals for symbiotic relationships with bacteria ii Chitin hard casing for animals 1 Insect exoskeleton iii Peptidoglycan structural carbohydrates linking proteins in bacteria cell walls 2 Lipids a Consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen with small amounts of oxygen b Large molecules c No true monomer grouped together based on size and hydrophobicity d No true polymer e Functions i Storage structure signaling targeting f Fats i Structure 1 Triglycerol three fatty acids linked to a glycerol a Produce ester linkages 2 Can be saturated or unsaturated based on the number of hydrogen present a Saturated i Single bonds ii Solid at room temperature iii Linear structure b Unsaturated i One or more double bonds 1 Causes bend in structure ii Liquid at room temperature c Trans fats an unsaturated fat i Produced as a byproduct during hydrogenation of unsaturated fats ii Not normally found in biological systems 1 More stable harder to breakdown 2 Longer shelf life 3 Effect cholesterol balance iii Linear 3 Phospholipids a Similar to fats i Substitute a fatty acid with a phosphate group b Used to bridge to other compounds c Creates polarization i Amphipathetic hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail ii Tails interact together heads interact with each other 1 Micelle ball of phospholipids with tails to the center and head to the outside 2 Bi layer sheet two lines of phospholipids with heads on top and bottom with tails in the middle 3 Liposome bi layer sheet like structure in a ball shape with the inside and outside being hydrophilic with a hydrophobic middle layer a Cell membranes d Targeting i Attach to a protein to mark the protein for a specific cell membrane 1 Hormones 4 Steroids a Four fused C rings made by bonding fatty acids and cross linking with covalent bonds b Amphipathetic c Membrane component d Hormones i Signaling to start a process ii Both hydrophilic or hydro phobic
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