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WSU BIOLOGY 107 - Biological Energetics

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BOLOGY 107 Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. ATPII. Enzymes a. Activation energyb. Cyclec. Regulation Outline of Current Lecture III. Enzyme RegulationIV. Redox ReactionsV. Biological Energeticsa. Photosynthesis b. Light c. Light reactionsCurrent LectureEnzyme Regulation1) Feedback inhibition a) Excess product acts as a competitive regulator to shut down the process Redox Reactions2) Reduction (gains electrons) and oxidation (loses electrons) reactionsa) Cannot have one without the otherb) The agent that is being reduced is the oxidizing agentc) The agent that is being oxidized is the reducing agentd) Occur broadly in biological systemse) Drives cellular energeticsi) EXAMPLE: NAD+(1) An electron carrier, coenzyme(2) Oxidizing agent, reduced to NADH(3) Stores and transfers energyBiological Energetics3) Energetic These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a) Energy harvest and recyclingi) Respiration (catabolic) and photosynthesis (anabolic)4) Photosynthesis i) Increase local concentration of reactantsb) Converts light into chemical energyi) 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2c) Plants i) Stomata- pores in the surface of the leaf for gas exchangeii) Mesophyll- tissue inside the leaf where photosynthesis occursiii) Chloroplasts- photosynthetic cells in mesophylliv) 2 parts to reaction(1) Light reaction- takes light, water, NADP+, ADP, and phosphorus to create NADPH, ATP, and O2(2) Calvin cycle- takes CO2, ATP, and NADPH to create NADP+, ADP, phosphorus, and CH2O5) Light a) Energy that is electromagnetic, functions as a wave and particlei) Wavelength- distance from one wave to the next in nmii) Visible light: 380-750 nm(1) Absorbance vs reflection or transmission(a) Absorbed light is not seen, only reflected or transmitted light is visibleiii) How to evaluate(1) White light on a prism to a paper. A hole in the paper used to specify wavelength sample. Transmitted light registers on photoelectric tube, read by galvanometerb) Chloroplast pigmentsi) Chlorophyll a(1) Directly participates in light reaction(a) Blue-green in colorii) Chlorophyll b(1) Harvests light and sends it to chlorophyll a(2) Olive green in coloriii) Carotenoids (1) Photo-protection, absorb harmful light(2) Yellow and orange in color6) Light reactionsa) Occur in thylakoid membraneb) Form ATP, NADPH, and O2c) Excitation i) A photon of light is absorbedii) Electron kicked to higher orbitaliii) Electron rapidly returns to ground state(1) Energy released as:(a) Heat(b) A photon (fluorescence)(c) Transferred to another electrond) Photosystemsi) Capture excited electronsii) Two part process(1) Light harvesting(a) Cluster of proteins and pigments transfer energy to reaction-center complex(b) Converts light energy into potential energy (excited electrons)(2) Reaction-center complex(a) Converts potential energy from electrons to chemical energy, electrons leave(b) Quinone transfers electrons to electron transport chainiii) Electron flow(1) Initial light absorbtion by PSII(2) Passing of electrons to primary acceptor (quinone)(3) Extraction of electrons from water to restore the reaction-complex


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WSU BIOLOGY 107 - Biological Energetics

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