BOLOGY 107 Lecture 32Outline of Last Lecture I. Eukaryotic Gene Regulationa. Chromatinb. Eukaryotic transcription regulationc. Post-transcriptional regulationOutline of Current Lecture II. Bacteria and Archaeaa. Two of the three domains of lifeb. Cell featuresc. Cell organizationd. Prokaryotic cell divisione. Rapid adaptationCurrent LectureBacteria and Archaea1) Two of the three domains of lifea) Both prokaryotesi) No membrane bound organellesii) Cell walliii) 0.5-5 μm in diameteriv) Unicellular, can be colonialb) Three shapesi) Cocci- sphericalii) Bacilli- rodiii) Spirelli- spiral2) Cell features a) Cell wall- protective layer of polysaccharidesi) Bacteria have a peptidoglycan layer(1) Thicker layer Gram stains purple(a) Layer thickness helps identifyii) Archaea do not have peptidogylcan(1) Euchromatin in areas called transcription factoriesb) Capsules i) Sticky layer of polysaccharide and protein These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.(1) Help with adherence and protectionc) Endosporesi) Copy of genome surrounded by membrane(1) Almost all water is removed(2) Allows for long term survival in adverse conditionsd) Fimbrae i) Hair-like appendages(1) Attach to surface or to other cellse) Flagella (different structure than those in eukaryotes)i) Motor with a hook and filament(1) Motor turns using proton motive force, similar to ATP synthase), corkscrew motion(2) Allows the cell to swim forwards and backwards3) Cell organizationa) DNA in nucleoid regioni) Single circular genomeii) Can have plasmids – small extra-genomic DNA circles with a small number of genes(1) Not species specificb) Membrane can be infoldedi) Increase surface area for metabolic function4) Prokaryotic cell divisiona) Binary fissioni) Coordinated with DNA replicationii) Origins of replication move to opposite sides of the cell and associate with the membrane, the membrane pinches off in the middle5) Rapid adaptationa) Divide every 12-24 minutesi) Every replication will incorporate some mutationsii) Many chances for recombination of mutations to reach optimal
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