BOLOGY 107 Lecture 38Outline of Last Lecture I. Biotechnologya. DNA cloningb. Other DNA techniquesOutline of Current Lecture II. Biotechnologya. Gel electrophoresisb. Probesc. Genetic engineering of organismsd. Cloning an organismCurrent LectureBiotechnology1) Gel electrophoresisa) Separates nucleic acids for each otheri) Electric current drives DNA forwardii) Gel selectively allows passive based on size(1) Shorter DNA travels farther fasteriii) Use a stain to visualize DNAiv) Can be done with proteins as well2) Probes a) Complementary nature of nucleic acids can be used to detect specific sequencesi) Create short synthetic DNA complementary to the target sequence(1) Attach a detectable label(2) Incubate with DNA or RNA(3) Detect location of specific sequences and how much is thereb) Can detect mRNA in tissuesi) In Situ hybridizationc) Can add different color labels for many different mRNAsi) Florescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)d) Can be used on whole chromosomesi) Use chromosome painting to show arrangement in interphasee) Can be scaled up to 1,000,000 tests at once on a microchipi) Evaluate every gene at onceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii) Investigate diversity(1) Single nucleotide polymorphism3) Genetic engineering of organismsa) Plants i) Insert foreign DNA(1) Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium (can conjugate with eukaryotes)(2) Gene gun – shoot gold with DNA attached into a cellii) Grow the plant from a single celliii) Advantages (1) Grow plants for harsh environments(2) Modify nutritional content(3) Herbicide and pesticide resistance(4) Protein production for research and medicineb) Animals i) Inject DNA into zygote(1) Can be a single sequence, nucleus, or a whole cellii) Implant into surrogate mother or grow in cell cultureiii) Uses(1) Increase agricultural production(2) Pharmacology and biotechnology(a) Study proteins or drugs or study(3) Biomedical research(a) Label proteins(b) Investigate physiology(i) Normal vs. diseased phenotypes(c) Gene therapy- future4) Cloning an organisma) Cell differentiationi) Cells specialize(1) Totipotent – can become any cell(2) Pluripotent – can become some cellsii) Once specialized, very hard to reverseiii) Stem cells can differentiate into many cells(1) Embryonic- some from stem cells(2) Adult- limited cell typesb) Plants i) Cells can readily dedifferentiate into stem
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