BOLOGY 107 Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Plasma Membranea. Permeability b. Diffusionc. Transportd. Endocytosis e. Intercellular junctionsOutline of Current Lecture II. Cell WallIII. Extracellular MatrixIV. Metabolism V. Energetic and Thermodynamicsa. Laws of thermodynamicsb. Free energyVI. ATPCurrent LectureExtracellular Components1) Cell Wall a) Found in plants, some fungi, and protists i) Outside the plasma membraneii) Function to protect and shape the cellb) Plant cell wallsi) Primary and secondary wallsii) Middle lamella(1) Made of pectins- sticky polysaccharides that act as a glue to hold cells together2) Extracellular Matrixa) Found in animalsi) Functions as support, adhesion, movement, and regulationb) Made of glycol proteinsi) Cologen and proteoglycansEnd of Exam 1These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Cell Metabolism3) Metabolisma) Sum of chemical reactions in celli) Pathways of sequential enzymatic reactions (metabolic pathways)(1) Non-linearb) Catabolic- release of energy from the breakdown of a complex moleculec) Anabolic- consumption of energy to build a complex molecule4) Energetic and Thermodynamicsa) Energy is the capacity to cause changei) Kinetic- motion (thermal)ii) Potential- stored (chemical within a structure, membrane potential)b) First law of thermodynamicsi) Energy in the universe is neither created nor destroyed, it just changes form(1) Known as the conservation of energyc) Second law of thermodynamicsi) Overall disorder will always increase if the system is closed, all useful energy will be transferred to heat or useless energy(1) Known as entropyii) Used in the debate against evolution(1) The law does not apply since an organism is not a closed system(a) Exchange energy with the surroundings(b) One aspect of disorder can decrease if overall disorder increases (tissues vs universe)5) Free Energy a) The portion of a systems energy available for worki) G= Gibbs’ free energyii) ΔG= change in free energyiii) ΔG= GFinal – GInitialb) Spontaneous processes have a negative ΔGi) Spontaneous if no energy needs to be added to the systemc) Equation: ΔG= ΔH-TΔSi) ΔH: total energy in a system (enthalpy)ii) T: temperatureiii) ΔS: disorder in a system (entropy)d) Exergonic: energy given offi) –ΔG, spontaneous, release of energye) Endergonic: energy taken ini) +ΔG, non-spontaneous, requires energyf) Equilibriumi) Closed system, -ΔG until all potential energy is exhausted(1) ΔG˃ 0, ΔG=0 then the system is deadii) Organism is open, equilibrium is never reached6) ATP- adenosine triphosphatea) Nucleotide with three phosphatesi) Nucleotide composed of adenosine base and a ribose sugarb) Created by exergonic reactionc) How ATP is usedi) Phosphorylate- add a phosphate group from ATP to a moleculeii) Cleave the phosphate to release
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