C BOLOGY 107 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Themes in Biologya. How biology is organizedII. Watera.Properties of waterOutline of Current Lecture III. Divisions in ChemistryIV. Properties of CarbonV. Functional Groups of Moleculesa. Classes of groupsb. Functions of groupsVI. Macromoleculesa. What macromolecules areb. Classes of macromoleculesCurrent LectureReview emergent properties of waterDivision of chemistry based on attraction to waterHydrophilic- “water loving”Polar or ionic molecules and compoundsCompounds and domains interact with each other in the presence of waterHydrophobic- “water fearing”Non-polar or uncharged moleculesCompounds and domains interact with each other because they are excluded from interacting with anything hydrophilicCarbonBecause it is tetrahedral, it can bond to four other atoms to form a variety of compoundsHydrocarbonsOnly consist of hydrogen and carbonProvide energy storage and cell structureIsomers-same chemical formula, different attributesLinear or branched- where the carbons connectCis or trans- how the other atoms are arranged around the double bonded carbonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Enantiomers- Right or left handed moleculesFunctional groupsMethyl- non-polar, hydrophobicCan mask a molecules charge, make it lipid solubleOxygen- polar, hydrophilicHydroxyl (-HO)Alcohols, usually end in “ol”Carbonyl (C-O)Ketones-within the skeleton of the moleculeAldehyde- at the end of the skeleton of the moleculeCarboxyl (O=C-O-H)Carboxilic acid or organic acid, often ionize by releasing a protonOther atomsSulfhydryl (-SH)Thiols, form disulfides (-S-S-)Phosphate (-O-P-O-, O double bond above P and O- single bonded below)Organic phosphates, always chargedAmino (N with two H’s and one open bond slot)Amines, often ionize by taking on a protonFunctions of adding these groupsChange shape- binding or markingChange charge or polarity- binding or causing hydrophobicityChange electron distribution- change stability or pHCan store energy in the bondsMacromoleculesPolymers, and some large molecules, are formed from a simple repeating unitAllows for greater diversityParticipate in many cellular roles- Functional: proteins- Structural: lipids- Energy storage- InformationSynthesized by dehydration reaction (removing a water molecule), broke down by hydrolysis (adding a water molecule)ClassesCarbohydrates- contain carbon, oxygen or hydrogenMonomer- basic subunit called monosaccharideClassified by the size of the carbon backbone, locations of carbonyl group and functional groupPolymersIf two monomers, it is a disaccharideIf three or more monomers, it is a polysaccharideCan either be in linear or ring shapeIn most environments, there is equilibrium between linear and ring formIn aqueous solution though, ring form is
View Full Document
Unlocking...