BOLOGY 107 Lecture 39Outline of Last Lecture I. Biotechnologya. Gel electrophoresisb. Probesc. Genetic engineering of organismsd. Cloning an organismOutline of Current Lecture II. Biotechnologya. Cloning an organismb. Gene therapyc. DNA sequencingd. GenomicsCurrent LectureBiotechnology1) Cloning an organisma) Animals i) Fuse DNA with an egg or introduce genes for transcriptions factors to start processii) Is the animal identical to the previous?(1) More often, no. Can be different from:(2) Mitochondrial DNA, damage from original DNA, environmental influences, nature vs. nurture, random factors, epigenetics (modification of DNA)iii) Example: CC (Carbon Copy), the first cloned cat(1) X-inactivation not reset, lead to a different color pattern2) Gene therapya) Fix the genetics of an individualb) Targets adult stem cellsi) A virus is created with the missing or corrected geneii) The stem cells are infected and injected into the individualc) Problems with this methodi) Cannot control a virus well, can lead to other problem(1) One instance lead to cancerii) New cells have to compete with the unmodified cells for growth and replicationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3) DNA sequencinga) Dideoxy methodi) Based on replicationii) Uses dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)(1) Lack 3’ OH(2) Terminate elongation of DNAiii) Combine template strand, synthetic primer for a certain sequence, dNTPs, small amounts of ddNTPs with fluorescent tags, one color for each type of base (A, G, T, C)iv) Reactions (1) DNA replication occurs many times in a test tube with all of the components(2) A ddNTP will be used randomly and terminate elongation(a) Gives a set product with a definite distance from the primer(b) Color of base tells what the pair isv) Detection (1) Use gel electrophoresis in a test tube to separate strands by length(2) A laser is used to detect each color as it passes(a) The earliest colors are closest to the primers and the latter colors are farther(3) A map is made based on matching color to base and the speed at which the color was detected4) Genomics a) Study of the whole genomeb) Bioinformatics- computational methods for storing and analyzing datac) Directed approachi) Map the genome(1) Make libraries with overlapping pieces(2) Because of prior mapping, regions can be placed in proper chromosome locationsd) Whole genome “shotgun” approachi) Randomly sequence everything in genome(1) Let the computer sort out the map(2) Fragments must overlap to connect regions(a) Cannot tell where the sequence fits on the chromosomeii) Compile and annotate the information(1) Compare the genomes of individuals(2) Identify functionality of
View Full Document
Unlocking...