BOLOGY 107 Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Cell Biologya. Organellesi. Ribosomesii. Nucleusiii. Endomembrane system1. Endoplasmic reticulum2. Golgi apparatus3. Lysosomes4. VacuolesOutline of Current Lecture II. Organellesa. Mitochondriab. Chloroplast c. Endosymbiosis theoryd. Peroxisome e. Cytoskeleton Current LectureOrganelles1) Mitochondria i) A single mitochondrionii) Double membrane(1) Inner membrane is highly folded(2) Adds surface area fir enzymesiii) Multiple domains(1) Intermembrane space- between the membranes(2) Mitochondrial matrix- inside the inner membraneiv) Center for cellular respiration(1) ATP produced from O2 and sugar(2) Number of mitochondria in a cell represents how active the cell isv) Separate DNA and ribosomes(1) Allows for its own protein synthesisb) Chloroplasts These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i) Plastid (plant specific)ii) Double membraneiii) Structure (1) Thylakoids stack to form granums, the stroma is the space around the granumsiv) Perform photosynthesis(1) Glucose productionv) Contains its own DNA and ribosomes c) Endosymbiosis theoryi) Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membraneii) Both have circular DNA like bacteriaiii) The ribosomes that both contain are more similar to bacteria ribosomes than to Eukaryote ribosomesiv) The nuclear gene pathways are similar to Archaea, but the metabolism is similar to bacteriav) Some bacteria live within Eukaryotic cells symbioticallyvi) Hypothesis: mitochondria derive from such a dependant relationship whereby a bacterium became resident within an Achaea cell(1) Allowed the host to live in an oxygen rich environment(2) mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) is remnant of bacterial genomevii) One branch of Eukaryote decendant repeated the process with photosynthetic blue-green algae, (chloroplasts)viii)Halobacterium(1) Archaea took in a eubacterium, engulfed and dissolved it, and added the DNA to its ownix) Bielowiela(1) 4 membrane plastids(2) Eukaryote engulfed an entire Eukaryote, nucleus shrank and became nucleomorphd) Peroxisome i) Single membraneii) Breaks down fatty acidsiii) Detoxifies compounds(1) A dense enzyme grid if the crystals form H2O2 from O2, then convert it to H2O(2) Highly compartmentalized(3) Near mitochondria and chloroplastse) cytoskeletoni) Maintains shape, supports organelles, helps with motility, transports vesiclesii) Made of 3 fibers(1) Microtubules: made from tubulin(a) Hollow tubes made from 13 columns of α-tubulin and β-tubulin(b) 25nm in width, lumin is only 15nm(c) Hold shape, compression resistant, are in cilia and flagella, transport vesicles, and separate chromosomes(d) Centrisome- made of microtubules(i) 2 centrioles, 9 microtubule triplets(e) Flagella(i) 9 tubules in doublets with 2 in the center(ii) Extends from basal body(iii) Long, singular, undulating(f) Cilia (i) 9 tubules in doublets with 2 in the center(ii) Extends from basal body(iii) Short, many, power strokes(2) Microfilaments: made from actin(a) Intertwined strands, the polymer has 2(b) 7 nm(c) Help shape, contraction, cyto streaming, pseudopodia, cleavage formation(3) Intermediate filaments: made from various compounds(a) Proteins super-coiled into cables(b) 8-12 nm(c) Function depends on cell type(i) Help shape, anchor organelles,
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