BOLOGY 107 Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Alternatives to the Calvin Cyclea. C3 plantsb. C4 plantsc. Arid conditions II. Cellular Respirationa. Productive cycles Outline of Current Lecture III. Cellular Respirationa. Glycolysisb. Pyruvate oxidationc. Citric acid cycled. Oxidative phosphorylatione. Side notesCurrent LectureCellular Respiration1) Glycolysisa) Payoff phase (all in pairs, 2 G3P molecules)i) Dehydrogenase reaction- G3P and NAD+ enter and NADH, 2 H+, and phosphate takes place of H on G3Pii) Substrate-level phosphorylation- phosphate from substrate(product of previous reaction) removed and added to ADP to make ATPiii) Isomerase moves the phosphate on the sugariv) Water molecule removed from the sugarv) Substrate-level phosphorylation removes another phosphate from the sugar to add it to ADP, creates ATP and pyruvate2) Pyruvate oxidationa) Pyruvate transferred to mitochondriai) Facilitated diffusion through first membraneii) Active transport through to matrix(1) Pyruvate translocase(a) An antiporter, uses energy from transporting H+ out of the matrix to transport pyruvate against the gradientThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii) CO2 is stripped from pyruvate to create acetateiv) Acetate is attached to Coenzyme Av) Regeneration of cofactors(1) Electron transferred to NAD+ to make NADH(2) Acetyl CoA formed, 2-C sugar3) Citric acid cyclea) Characterized by Hans Krebsi) Was known as Krebs cycleb) Acetyl CoA added to oxaloacetete, Coenzyme A removed, creates citratec) Water on citrate moved to make isocitrated) Electron transferred to NAD+, create NADH and H+, CO2 removed as well, create α-ketoglutaratee) Another CO2 is removed and another electron is added to NAD+, Coenzyme A is added back on, ending with NADH, H+, CO2, succinyl CoAf) Phosphate added, Coenzyme A removed, phosphate removed to ADP, ending with ATP and succinateg) 2 H removed and added to FAD to create FADH2 and fumarateh) Water molecule added to create malatei) Electron transferred to NAD+, create NADH and oxaloacetatej) Cycle starts again4) Oxidative phosphorylationa) Takes place in mitochondriai) Cristae provide increased surface areab) Electrons passed progressively to less energetic configurationsi) Energy used to create H+ gradient, moved to the intermembrane spaceii) Uses electron transport chain(1) Complexes of proteins and prosthetic groups leading to oxygen(2) NADH enters at complex I, FADH2 at complex II(3) Ends by creating water molecules(4) Chemiosmosis uses H+ gradient to generate ATP(a) Similar to ATP production in Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis5) Side notesa) Other biomolecules can be broken down in the pathwayi) Proteins, carbohydrates, fatsb) Regulated processi) Excess of ATP and citrate inhibit the glycolysis processii) Once these levels deplete, process no longer
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