What does a nucleotide structure have?Nitrogenous baseSugarPhosphate groupWhat do nucleotides form when they are chemically connected together?DNA strandWhat are the two nitrogenous bases?Pyrimidine and PurineWhat is included in the pyrimidine group?Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)Uracil (U)What is included in the purine group?Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Which of the following is only included in the DNA group C, T, U, A, or G?C, T, A, GWhich of the following is only included in the RNA group C, T, U, A, or G?C, U, A, GWhich sugar is found in DNA?DeoxyriboseWhich sugar is found in RNA?ribosugarWhat is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?Deoxyribose has no -OH attached at the 2' position while ribose doesWhat does DNA stand for?Deoxyribose nucleic acidWhat does RNA stand for?Ribose nucleic acidWhat does it mean when the strands are antiparallel?If one strand is shown in the 5'->3' (top to bottom) the other strand will run 5'->3' (bottom to top)What are the DNA base pairs in the Watson and Crick model?A pairs with TG pairs with CHow many hydrogen bonds will form if A pairs with T?2How many hydrogen bonds will form if G pairs with C?3 What are genes?Carry the information that encodes the traits that are observed in an organismWhat are chromosomes?The chemical structure that contains genes. These are the molecules that pass from parent to offspring during reproduction.What was Griffith experiment about?He mixed heat killed S and living R cells and he killed the mice.What did Griffith conclude about his experiment?Something in the heat killed S strain converted the live R strain into a pathogenic strain. "Transforming substance"This enzyme break down RNA molecules into nucleotides.RNase This enzyme breaks down DNA into nucleotidesDNase This enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acidsProtease These enzymes break down fats like triacylglycerides and phospholipids and release free fatty acidsLipase These enzymes break down complex sugars to generate simple sugarsWhat happens during a synthesis/dehydration reaction?synthesizing a polymerDehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bondWhat happens during a breakdown/hydrolysis reaction?breaking down a polymer Adds a water molecule, breaking a bondWhat are enzymes?Substances that accelerate chemical reactions but are not consumed in the reaction.What is the monomer repeat unit of a protein called?Usually proteins.What is the polymer state of a protein called?PolypeptideWhat elements does protein consist of?C, H, O, N, and SWhich protein function involved all synthesis and breakdown reactions involved in carbohydrates and lipids that are carried out by enzymes?Enzyme reactionsWhich protein function has antibodies that are also controversial due to their costs to patients?Defensive proteinsWhich protein function during development, there is a need for amino acid without having to ramp up amino acid synthesis. Can also be hydrolyzed and their amino acid recycled into new proteins.Storage proteinsWhich protein function can transport proteins within the membrane?Transport proteinsWhat protein function is considered the second class of ___, in addition to the steroid ___?HormonesWhat protein function binds to signaling molecules and initiate cell responses?Motor proteinWhat protein function adds strength to tissue?Structural proteinsHow many amino acids are there?20What 4 amino acid groups are attached to an alpha carbon?Amino functional groupCarboxylHydrogenR groupWhat are some of the properties of the amino group?- nitrogen and two/three hydrogens- acts as a base- can accept a hydrogen to become positively charged- pH of around 7What are some of the properties of the carboxyl group?- chemical formula COOH- can act like a weak acid and give up a proton to solvent- acts as an acid- pH 7.2 in blood- deprotonated (they have a negative charge)What are the four general classes of amino acids in nature?Nonpolar amino acidsPolar amino acidsAcidic amino acidsBasic amino acidsWhat has sidechains that are characterized by groups that favorably interact with water through hydrogen bonding.Polar amino acidsWhat has carboxyl side chains that deprotonate in aqueous media near physiological pH (7.2)Acidic amino acidsWhat has side chains that are protonated at physiological pH, and are positively charged?When does a polypeptide formation occur?Occurs by a dehydration reaction between carboxyl and amino groups. Results in a peptide bond.What is the loss of water that is coupled to the formation of a C-N bond?Peptide bondWhat is the enzyme that carries out protein synthesis in eukaryotes?RibosomeTrue or False: To be a functional protein a polypeptide must fold into a specific structure.TrueWhich level is the list of amino acids from N-C for each polypeptide chain in the protein?Primary structureWhat does primary structure consist of?LengthCompositionDetermines shape and functionWhich level describes how the polypeptide backbone is folded into difference 3D arrangements?Secondary structureWhat are the two most common 3D structures in proteins in a secondary structure?Alpha helixBeta pleated sheetHow are secondary structure elements stabilized?By the formation of specific hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groupsWhat is the main purpose of the secondary structure?Interactions between backbone groupsHydrogen bondsWhat structure has interactions between the R groups?Tertiary structureWhat structure has interactions between two or more polypeptides?Quaternary structureWhat is the creation of polypeptides from genes encoded in a DNA based chromosome?Gene expressionWhat are the two stages of gene expression?Transcription and TranslationWhat is the conversion of the information encoded in DNA into a complementary RNA?mRNA or messenger RNAWhat happens in prokaryotes with transcription and translation?Two separate processes occur in the same region, aka the cytoplasmWhat happens in eukaryotes with transcription and translation?Transcription occurs in one region of the cell (nucleus) and translation occurs in the cell cytoplasmWhat is the order of the Central Dogma?DNA > RNA > ProteinWhat are three nucleotides that specify one amino
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