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WSU BIOLOGY 107 - Enzymes

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BOLOGY 107 Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Cell WallII. Extracellular MatrixIII. Metabolism IV. Energetic and Thermodynamicsa. Laws of thermodynamicsb. Free energyV. ATPOutline of Current Lecture VI. ATPVII. Enzymes a. Activation energyb. Cyclec. RegulationCurrent LectureATP1) Common motifs a) ATP changes shape charge and electron distribution of molecules b) ATP adds binding pocket, also done with GTPc) Continually being made and usedEnzymes2) Biological macromolecules that act as catalystsa) Usually proteins, can be RNAb) Not consumed in chemical reactionc) Substrate specifici) Unique protein shape is also isomer specificii) Substrate binds to an active site(1) Was described by lock-and-key analogy(2) Now use induced fit model, substrate changes the shape of the enzyme3) Activation energy (EA)a) The energy level required to activate a reactioni) Brings the reactants to the transition stateThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii) Lowered by enzymesiii) ΔG of the whole reaction is not affectedb) Activation energy is lowered with enzymes by:i) Providing the proper environment for the reaction to occurii) Increase local concentration of reactantsiii) Stressing the bonds in reactantsiv) Participating directly in the reaction4) Cyclea) Substrates enter the active siteb) Held together by weak bondsc) Lower the EAd) Substrates are converted to products and are releasede) Active site is now available for new substratef) EXAMPLE: Lactase(1) Made in the small intestine(2) Breaks lactose into glucose and galactose(3) Highly concentrated in infants(a) Lactase persistence(i) Continuation of production into adulthood(b) Lactose intolerance(i) End to production of lactaseg) Factors affecting enzyme activityi) Temperature and pHh) Cofactors i) Assist enzymes in reactions(1) Organic cofactors are called coenzymesii) 50% of enzymes require cofactorsiii) Metal ions, vitamins, nucleotide derivatives (NAD+)(1) Change shape of enzymes(2) Bridge enzyme to the substrate(3) Participate in reactioniv) RNA-first hypothesis(1) Complex life evolved from RNA, macromolecules formed after5) Enzyme regulationa) Competitive inhibitioni) Inhibitor binds to active siteii) Increase in substrate concentration overcomes inhibitionb) Noncompetitive inhibitioni) Inhibitor binds to a different part of the enzyme, changes the enzyme shape so it cannot bind to the substrateii) Cannot be


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WSU BIOLOGY 107 - Enzymes

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