BIO 107 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Week 1 (Lectures 1-3)Introduction to WaterWhat properties of water make it important for biology? How do they play a role in biology?Emergent Properties:- Polar molecule, allows for hydrogen bonds –Cohesive, allows for adhesion and surface tension – Temperature moderation, high specific heat and heat of vaporization –expands during freezing, creates an insulating barrier when it floats –versatile solvent, high dialectic constantHow are molecules divided in their relation to water?Hydrophilic and hydrophobic:- Hydrophilic- “water loving”- Hydrophobic- “water fearing” Properties of CarbonWhat are hydrocarbons?Hydrocarbons are made of hydrogen and carbon, they provide energy and structureWhat are the functional groups that can attach to hydrocarbons? Methyl- 1 carbon, 3 hydrogens Hydroxyl- oxygen and hydrogen, known as alcohols Carbonyl- carbon double bonded to an oxygen, ketones or aldehydes Carboxyl- oxygen=carbon-oxygen, carboxylic acid Sulfhydryl- sulfur and hydrogen, thiols Phosphate- phosphorous and 3 oxygens Amino- nitrogen and two hydrogens, aminesClassification of macromoleculesWhat are macromolecules? How are they formed?Macromolecules are polymers, or repeating units called monomers linked together. They can also by large molecules. They are made by a dehydration reaction, or taking the equivalent of a water molecule from the two monomers to link them. They are broken down by hydrolysis, or adding a water.What are the classes of macromolecules? What is each one comprised of? How are they linked? Are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic? What is the monomer and polymer name? Carbohydrates –comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen –glycosidic linkage joining them – hydrophilic –monomer: monosaccharide, polymer: disaccharide if two, polysaccharide if three Lipids –primarily carbon and hydrogen, some oxygen –no true uniform linkage –hydrophobic –no true monomer of polymerWeek 2 (Lectures 4-5) Macromolecules (cont.)What are the classes of macromolecules? What is each one comprised of? How are they linked? Are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic? What is the monomer and polymer name? (Cont.) Proteins –carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of sulfur – peptide bond –hydrophilic or hydrophobic –monomer: amino acid, polymer: polypeptide Nucleic acids –carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorous –phosphodiester bonds –hydrophilic –monomer: nucleotide, polymer: polynucleotide (DNA or RNA)Week 3 (Lectures 6-8)Cell BiologyHow do we study cells?We study by microscopy: Light microscopy Electron microscopy Fractionation What are the different domains of cells and what characteristics do they have?There are prokaryotes, or “before kernel”. These cells have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes. Their DNA is in an area known as the nucleoid. There arealso eukaryotes, or “true kernel” cells. These cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They also have a plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes. They are separated further into animal and plant cells. Animal cells have lysosomes, centrosomes andflagella. Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central vacuole, a cell wall, and plasmodesmata.Organelles What is the endomembrane system? What is its function?The endomembrane system is a group of interrelated organelles that synthesize and transport proteins and metabolizes lipids. It contains the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that houses DNA and assembles ribosomes. The ER is perinuclear, or around the nucleus. There are two types of ER, rough and smooth. Rough ER is covered in ribosomes and produces proteins as well as sendsout vesicles. Smooth ER has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates and stores calcium. The Golgi apparatus is near the ER and works to synthesize carbohydrates and process proteins. Lysosomes are bound packets containing hydrolytic enzymes. They break down dead organelles and recycle macromolecules. Vacuoles are used to store molecules and transport them to other organelles or out of the cell.How do we visualize the endomembrane system and other organelles?Green fluorescent protein is used. It can be implanted in the cell to attach to certain proteins and can be modified to show other colors. What are ribosomes?Ribosomes are organelles with no membrane. They are a single large ribonuceoprotien made of RNA and proteins. They carry out protein synthesis.What are mitochondria?Mitochondria are double membrane organelles with their own DNA and ribosomes. They produce ATP from O2 and sugarsWhat are chloroplasts?They are double membrane organelles only found in plants. They also have their own DNA and ribosomes. They are made of thylakoids that stack to for granums. The space between the membrane and the granums is the stroma. Chloroplasts are used to make glucose through photosynthesis.What is the endosymbiosis theory? What evidence is there to support it?The endosymbiosis theory hypothesizes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria that Archaea cells engulfed. They formed a symbiotic relationship and became and organelle. Evidence for this theory include: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes Each have their own DNA that is round like bacteria DNA Their ribosomes are closer to those in bacteria The genetic pathways for replication are similar to Archaea; however their metabolism issimilar to bacteria. There are bacteria living in eukaryotic cells in a symbiotic relationshipWhat is a peroxisome?A peroxisome is a single membrane organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies compounds.What is the cytoskeleton and what is it made of?The cytoskeleton gives support, maintains shape of the cell, allows for motility, and transports vesicles. It is made of three types of fibers. They are: Microtubules are made of tubulin in hollow tubes made from 13 columns of alpha and beta subunits. They are 25 nm in width with 15 nm lumin. They give shape, are compression resistant, transport vesicles, separate chromosomes, and make up cilia ans flagella. Microfilaments are made of actin in two intertwinedstrands. They are 7nm in width. They help with shape, contraction, cyto-streaming, pseudopodia, and cleavage formation.
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