Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture1) Describe the ways in which the cycle is controlled by the cell cycle control genes Cdk and cyclin.2) Describe how a normal cell can be transformed into a cancer cell. What is metastasis, and what is angiogenesis? 3) Explain the 4 unusual features of cancer cells, and three general categories of drug therapy forcancer.Outline of Current Lecture1) Distinguish between haploid and diploid cells, and define homologous chromosomes.2) Explain the significance of Crossing Over (synapsis), and the consequences 3) Explain the significance of meiosis, and diagram the process.4) Contrast mitosis and meiosis, emphasizing the different outcomes.5) Explain how non-disjunction in meiosis is responsible for chromosome aneuploidies such as Down syndrome.1. Haploid Cells, Diploid Cells, & Homologous ChromosomesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- Haploid Cells are sex cells (gametes) and are the result of meiosis. These cells have half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cells, and only one complete set of centromeres.- Diploid Cells are skin cells, muscle cells, ect. These cells reproduce via mitosis and create exact replicas of themselves. These cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes.- Homologous Chromosomes are duplicated chromosomes of the same length and are paired together with a centromere. These two chromosomes have copied genes.2. Crossing Over- When chromosomes cross over in the synapse, it creates mutations or genetic variability that gives people their unique traits. It is important so that we have an infinitely deep gene pool.3. MeiosisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionMeiosis gives the ability of genetic variability. Without it we would have no diversity.4. Mitosis vs. Meiosis- The biggest difference between the two are the outcomes of reproduction. Mitosis creates a duplicated version of the cell which is alike in every way and has the These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Editionsame amount of chromosomes. Meiosis however creates a second haploid cell andit is not a duplicate due to crossing over.5. Non-Disjunction- Non-disjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate during a cross over. When other chromosomes are crossing over and trading places, one chromosome may bestuck on one side and be unable to cross over to the space open for it. This can lead to some results such as Down syndrome, which is caused by one extra chromosome. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st
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