Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture1) Write a summary reaction for aerobic respiration.2) List and give a description of the four stages of aerobic respiration.3) Indicate where each stage of aerobic respiration takes place in a eukaryotic cell.4) Add up the energy captured (as ATP, NADH, and FADH2) in each stage of aerobic respiration.Outline of Current Lecture1) Define chemiosmosis, and explain how a gradient of protons is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane.2) Describe the process by which the proton gradient drives ATP synthesis in chemiosmosis.3) Summarize how the products of protein and lipid catabolism enter the same metabolic pathway that oxidizes glucose.4) Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration and fermentation; include the mechanism of ATP formation, the final electron acceptor, and the end products.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionI. Chemiosmosis- Chemiosmosis generally is the ATP synthase sucking H+ ions into the mitochondrial matrix. It does this because after the NADH and FADH release their H+ ions outside the membrane, there is an imbalance of protons on the inside and outside of the membrane, which causes diffusion. However H+ can’t just mosey its way past the inner mitochondrial membrane, it would need a protein. The protein allowing it is ATP Synthase, which is a facilitator in the diffusion of H+ ions. The H+ ions then go through the ATP Synthase back into the mitochondrial matrix. This generates energy for the ATP Synthase to take an ADP and phosphorylate it, making ATP. - The proton gradient is established like this so there is an even amount of protons on the inside and outside of the mitochondrial membrane.II. ATP Synthase Proton Gradient- Like is mentioned in the previous paragraph, when the H+ ion goes through the ATP Synthase back into the mitochondrial matrix, energy is retrieved by the ATP Synthase; enough to phosphorylate ADP. The ATP Synthase adds a phosphate group to the end of an ADP with the energy gotten by the H+ rolling through, creating ATP.III. Protein and Lipid Catalyzation- The question 3 asks in a scientific way, “How is ATP formed by proteins and lipids?” This chart does a good job explaining:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- Proteins peptide bonds are broken off to form amino acids, to where an amino group is broken off. The resulting amine is sent to the bladder as waste, and the remainder of the protein (either pyruvate or Acetyl CoA) is sent to the krebs cycle toperform the same process as glucose. This gives about 32 to 38 ATP, just with proteins and not glucose.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Amino acidsSugarsGlycerolFattyacidsGlycolysisGlucoseG3PPyruvateAcetyl CoANH3CitricacidcycleOxidativephosphorylationFatsProteinsCarbohydrates BIOL 101 1st Edition- In lipids, the glycerol heads on the fatty acids are broken off by Lipases. The glycerol is converted into an intermediate in glycolysis called PGAL and goes into the cytoslasm. The remaining fatty acid tail is converted into Acetyl CoA and enters the Krebs cycle. IV. Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation- In anaerobic respiration, the cell that needs energy cannot get any oxygen to perform cellular respiration. It instead performs either Lactic Acid Fermentation or Alcoholic Fermentation.- Here’s how Lactic Acid Fermentation works: It first goes through glycolysis and gains 2 ATP through breaking of the glucose into 2 pyruvate. However breaking the glucose adds Hydrogen to the NAD+ and makes it NADH, and eventually if it kept doing this process there wouldn’t be anywhere for the hydrogen to go because the NADH has no free electrons. Instead what happens is Lactic Acid is produced, that takes the H+ ions that are put on the NADH, and turn it back into NAD+. This processis repeated over and over.- Heres how Alcoholic Fermentation goes: Basically the same situation as Lactic Acid Fermentation, but instead of producing lactic acid to take away an H+ ion from NADH, it produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 that does the job. It repeats the glycolysis process over and over to form ATP, just like the lactic acid fermentation.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st