BIOL 101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 8The following is review for Exam # 1. These questions are directly from the study guide.1. What organelles do you expect to be abundant in muscle cells? Liver cells? Skin cells?- Muscle Cells – Muscles need to contract, which requires ATP, so the mitochondria is what would be abundantly found due to it producing the most ATP over other organelles.- Liver Cells – Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification, which the liver’s main job is to do, thus there would be more sER.- Skin Cells –there would be a lot of rough ER that is responsible for synthesizing proteins to create a lot of keratin, which is a protein.2. What is hydrogenation and how does it relate to saturated and unsaturated fats?- Hydrogenation is putting a hydrogen on every free valence electron of an atom. In relation to fats, a saturated fat is “saturated” with hydrogen atoms that are bonded to every availed electron, and unsaturated fats are when every atom is not connected to a hydrogen, or it has a double bond.3. What is the pH of a substance in which H+ concentration equals the OH- concentration?- 7, the pH would be neutral.4. How would you make 1M solution given the molar mass of a solute (physically)? (assume solvent is H2O)- Molarity = (moles solute)/(liters of solution) (This probably won’t be on the test, the lectures barely talked about molar mass)5. What is synthesized in the smooth ER? Rough ER?- The sER mainly synthesizes lipids, while the rER mainly synthesizes proteins.6. How can you tell DNA from RNA? (think of the sugar and bases)- DEOXyribose is as the name implies, with one less oxygen than ribose. This is the main difference in the 5 carbon structure.7. What is a centriole? What does it look like?- A centriole is a cylindrical structure formed by several microtubules that is involved in the organization of cytokinesis and cell division.8. Define hypothesis.- A hypothesis is an idea by someone who claims something might happen if you perform the specific steps to complete it.9. What are the main components of the cell membrane?- The cell membrane is mainly composed of Phospholipids, Glycoproteins, Carbohydrates, and Cholesterol. Hydrophobic lipids are brought into the center of the membrane is a line, and hydrophilic lipids are on the outside surrounding them. Integral proteins are lodges in-between these lipids, and mainly function for the transportation of things through the cell membrane.10. What organelles contain DNA?- Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.11. Define denaturation.- Denaturation is when proteins or nucleic acids lose their secondary structures, such as the quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures through either being heated or a strong acid or base is applied.12. What are some distinguishable components of a chloroplast? Nucleus?- Chloroplasts have inner and outer membranes, along with stacked membranes called grana which are inside the inner membrane. Each grana has chlorophyll to take part in photosynthesis. The nucleus has a nuclear envelope enclosing itself, with endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and nuclear pores on the outside of the envelope. Within the envelope the nucleus contains chromatins, and the nucleolus.13. Why do TEM microscopes go to nm level but our lab microscopes don’t?- Transmission Electron Microscopy is a technique where a beam of electrons are transmitted through an extremely thin specimen, to which a much clearer image of the specimen is focused onto an external imaging device. Compound light and mirrors cannot achieve this level of magnification.14. What is amphipathic?- When a molecule contains both polar and non-polar molecules in its structure.15. Define emergent properties.- The property where living thing get more complex when it goes from the cellular level, to organs, up to the biosphere. Simple actions from the Cells, combine withactions of tissues, which combine with actions of organs, which create a complex structure.16. What are distinguishing features of saturated and unsaturated fats?- Saturated fats have every free valence electron taken up by a hydrogen atom, and unsaturated fats have either a double bond, or have free valence electrons. Unsaturated fats are generally in liquid form and come from plant oils. Solid fats are saturated, and normally come from animals.17. Define isotope.- Isotopes are chemical elements that have the same number or protons in each atom, but a different number of neutrons.18. Define Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and tell what bonds are present.- The Primary structure is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain whichis held by covalent bonds.- The Secondary structure is composed of either the alpha helix, or the beta sheets(or sometimes both). Whichever one of these it is composed of is mainly determined by hydrogen bonds between main polypeptide groups.- The Tertiary structure is the three dimensional structure of a protein molecule. It is folded into shape by hydrophobic interations and held together by the interactions between R groups. (Noncovalent)- The Quaternary structure is the three dimensional structure of many sub proteins, and is how the proteins fit together. It is held together by non-covalent bonds.19. Define organic chemistry.- Organic chemistry: the study of the structure, properties, and reations of organic compounds and organic materials.20. What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?- So there can be something to compare results with.21. Define enantiomer.- Enantiomer – Two molecules that are mirror images of each other. 22. Define/distinguish mono, di, and polysaccharides.- The prefix of saccharides determines how many monosaccharides are in a compound. For example, a monosaccharide is one monosaccharide, disaccharideis two, and polysaccharide is three or more monosaccharides.23. What is the purpose of mitochondria? Vacuole? Lysosome?- Mitochondria – main purpose is cell respiration to create ATP. (cell energy)- Vacuole- Vacuoles store things, like excess water, starches, wastes, etc.- Lysosome- Lysosomes contain little enzymes to digest things for the cell.24. What is the difference between starch and cellulose?- Starch is a glucose repeated unit over and over, however in cellulose every other glucose is flipped 180 degrees. Starch is