Lecture 5Outline of Last LectureI. What you should Be Able to do at the End of this ChapterII. Functional GroupsIII. Glucose in Ring FormIV. Variations on Carbon SkeletonsV. The Origin of Life and the RNA World HypothesisOutline of Current Lecture1. Identify the major functional groups present in organic compounds and describe their properties.2. Condensation (dehydration) synthesis and hydrolysis:Explain the relationship between polymers and macromolecules, 3. Carbohydrates: Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Compare storage polysaccharides with structural polysaccharides.4. Lipids: Distinguish among fats, phospholipids, and steroids; describe the compositions, characteristics, and biological functions of each.I. Major Functional GroupsMEMORIZE THIS. It will be on the test, and hell to pay should you failII. Condensation and DehydrationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionMonomers make Polymers through dehydration synthesis (Condensation). Dehydration synthesis is the loss of a water molecule from a reacting molecule. If you had for exampleC – OH HO – OH that H2O gets taken out and thrown on the side likeC – O – OH + H2OHydrolisis is when Polymers are split into Monomers. Basically, it’s water splitting. This means that the H2O of the Polymer is split into OH and H, the opposite of Condensation.III. The Triforce of SaccharidesThere are 3 sorts of carbohydrates that you need to know from this lecture. They are Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides. The prefix in all the names tells how many saccharides are in the carbohydrate. Mono = 1, Di = 2, Poly = 3 or more. That’s relatively simple to remember, you got this. The other part you need to know is the difference between structural and storage polysaccharides. A Storage Polysaccharide would be something like starch; it holds energy for use in plants, normally. Starch is a good exampleof a storage polysaccharide. A Structural Polysaccharide however is a sugar that is stiff and indigestible by plants and animals. Cartilage is a good example of this (cellulose). The difference in how these are made is simply a change in placement in the glucose ring structure. Starch’s Glucose ring structure has OH always on the bottom, and CH20 always on the stop, making a constant repetition of that structure. Cellulose however, has the OH and CH20 alternate every other glucose ring. This is an example of an isomer.IV. LipidsThere are 3 types of lipids, fats, phospholipids, and steroids.Fats and oils get their physical properties through double bonding. For a Fat to become saturated, each carbon in the chain is saturated with a hydrogen, the carbons are bonded to as many hydrogens as possible. These saturated fats do not have any double bonds, and are solid at room temperature. An unsaturated fat is a fat where the carbons do not have as many bound hydrogens as possible, but are given properties through double bonding. Monounsaturated fats have 1 double bond (oleic), and polyunsaturated have 2 or more double bonds (linoleic). Trans fats are when the arrangements of carbon atoms are adjacent to the double bonds.Phospholipids can be somewhat confusing, but I’ll put it in human terms. A Phospholipid is a lipid where it has both polar and nonpolar portions in the structure. Like, it has the capability to both attract and push away water. This property makes it an amphipathic molecule. Specifically, the tail is hydrophobic (detracts water) and the head is hydrophilic (attracts water). It assembles itself all at once to create a phospholipid bilayer, which is a structure with water hating molecules on the inside, and on the outside there are These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Editionwater loving molecules that attract all water that comes near it. Phospholipids have a Triglyceride like structure, but contain a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid.Steroids are visually different from the other lipids. They have three cyclohexanes, and a cyclopentane fused within it. So visually 3 hexagons and a pentagon attached at the end. Steroids can have a variety of different functional groups that could be attached. Their main feature is their abundance of carbons, which make steroids non-polar. Some examples of common steroids are testosterone, sex hormones and cholesterol.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st