Chapter 9 Objectives 1 Summary for aerobic respiration 2 Stages of aerobic respiration indicate where each stage takes place a Glycolysis i Glucose goes in ii Hexokinase adds a phosphate from ATP to glucose to make it more reactive glucose 6 phosphate iii Phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate iv Another ATP is invested v Creates DHAP and G3P DHAP becomes G3P vi G3P goes on and 2 NAD convert to 2 NADH vii Phosphoglycerokinase gives 2 ADP 2 phosphates viii Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP gives 2 phosphates to 2 ADP molecules through pyruvate kinase ix Pyruvate is left b Pyruvate oxidation i 2 pyruvates enter ii Gives off CO2 iii NAD comes and takes a H for NADH iv CoA enters to make Acetyl CoA c Citric acid cycle i Acetyl CoA adds onto oxaloacetate and CoA leaves making citrate ii d Oxidative phosphorylation i NADH transfers electrons to I then to III to IV then go to O2 to ii FADH2 transfers electrons to II then III IV then go to O2 to make H2O make H2O iii The energy of carrying electrons from different protein complexes gives H the energy to go through the protein membrane from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space iv H go through ATP synthase and propels the thing to make 3 Redox reactions ADP P to ATP a Oxidation electrons loss i Reducing agent b Reduction gain electrons i Oxidizing agent 4 Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Energy a Glucose becomes oxidized to Carbon Dioxide b Oxygen becomes reduced to Water 5 NAD FADH creates a NAD creates more ATP b FADH creates less ATP 6 4 kinase reactions in glycolysis substrates and products a Energy investment i Glucose hexokinase with help of ATP glucose 6 phosphate ii Fructose 6 phosphate phosphofructokinase with help of ATP fructose 1 6 biphosphate b Energy payoff i 1 3 bisphosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerokinase give P to ADP 3 phospoglycerate ii phosphoenolpyruvate PEP pyruvate kinase give P to ADP pyruvate 7 Intermediate step between glycolysis and citric acid cycle Kreb s 8 4 dehydrogenase reactions in citric acid cycle substrates and products Isocitrate dehydrogenase donates H to NAD then loses CO2 alpha ketoglutarate a b Alpa Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase loses CO2 donates H to NAD then attaches to CoA Succinyl CoA c Succinate dehydrogenase 2 H transfer to FAD fumarate d Malate dehyodrgenase donates H to NAD oxaloacetate 9 Congenital Lactic Acidosis a PDCD pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency b Mitochondrial disorder c PDC can t convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA d Causes buildup of lactic acid 10 Chemiosmosis process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP a There is a significantly larger amount of H in the mitochondrial matrix compared to the intermembrane space b This creates a gradient for the H to travel down 11 Electron Transport Chain 12 ATP synthesis in chemiosmosis a Electrons passed down chain give H energy to go across the space b The H is taken from ATP synthase c The H energy going down its gradient powers protein to make ATP 13 ATP production molecule to ADP a Substrate level when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a b Oxidative phosphorylation powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain 14 Versatility of Catabolism 15 a Glycolysis Similarities between anaerobic respiration and fermentation i Use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate ii Net production of 2 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation iii NAD is the oxidizing agent b Anaerobic respiration without use of oxygen another electronegative element is at the end of the electron transport chain in order to catch it i Mechanism of ATP formation NAD ii Final electron acceptor electronegative element iii End products 2 ATP c Fermentation way of harvesting chemical energy without using either oxygen or any electron transport chain i Mechanism of ATP formation NAD ii Final electron acceptor organic molecules such as pyruvate lactic acid fermentation or acetaldehyde alcohol fermentation iii End products 2 ATP iv Alcohol fermentation pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps 1 Releases CO2 from pyruvate converted to 2C 2 Reduced by NADH to ethanol 3 Regenerates supply of NAD needed for communication acetaldehyde of glycolysis v Lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product no CO2 release Chapter 10 Objectives 1 Structure of a chloroplast 2 Light Reactions Summary a Light strikes pigment molecule in PII and excites the electron then as that electron goes back to ground state another electron in a pigment molecule nearby gets excited b Keeps passing on until it reaches P680 c Enzyme splits a water molecule into 2 electrons that are sent to P680 this also produces 2 H and O2 d Electrons go to the primary acceptor then an electron transport chain to PI ATP i Electron transport chain provides energy for the synthesis of ii H is also pumped into the thylakoid space contributing to proton gradient e Electrons are accepted by P700 and are given to a primary acceptor then go to another transport chain f Arrive at NADP reductase where the electrons are used as energy to get H from the stroma to bind with NADP to make NADPH 3 Photolysis breaking of H2O a Creates O2 b As soon as another H2O comes in and breaks down then it makes O2 which is the air in the atmosphere 4 Location starting materials end products of photosynthesis 5 Light reactions go through and don t have products that begin the cycle again like cyclic photophosphorylation 6 Thylakoid space has a lot of H and the stroma doesn t have that much so the H wants to go through to make it even they go through ATP synthase and forms ATP 7 Calvin Cycle 8 Photorespiration downfalls and alternatives a Reduces photosynthetic efficiency on a hot dry day most plants close their stomata a response that conserves water i Reduces photosynthetic yield by limiting access to CO2 ii CO2 concentrations begin to decrease in the air spaces within iii Concentration of O2 released from the light reactions begins to the left increase iv Wasteful process b C3 plants initial fixation of carbon occurs via rubisco the Calvin cycle enzyme that adds CO2 to ribulose biphosphate i Regular plants that go through photorespiration ii Uses ATP rather than makes it iii Adds O2 instead of CO2 to the Calvin Cycle 1 Take in O2 2 Release CO2 3 No sugar production c C4 preface the Calvin cycle with alternate form of carbon