Lecture 4Outline of Last LectureI. Hydrogen Bonding: Between MoleculesII. Amazing Property I: Water Sticks to ItselfIII. Amazing Property II: Water Expands on FreezingIV. Amazing Property III: Modulation of TemperatureV. Amazing Property IV: Water is an Excellent SolventVI. Water Can Spontaneously Break into Ions: (H+ and OH-)VII. The pH scale and pH Values of Some Aqueous SolutionsOutline of Current LectureI. What you should Be Able to do at the End of this ChapterII. Functional GroupsIII. Glucose in Ring FormIV. Variations on Carbon SkeletonsV. The Origin of Life and the RNA World HypothesisCurrent LectureI. What you should Be Able to do at the End of this Chapter1. Identify the major functional groups present in organic compounds and describe their properties. (Yes, you MUST know all of these!)2. Examine a ring structure for Glucose and determine how many atoms are present and recognize how the carbons are numbered.3. You do NOT specifically need to know any of the other parts of Chapter 4 on isomers, enantiomers, etc…(Figs 4.3, 4.5, 4.7…) but look at them for an overview.4. NEW: Identify the major steps and findings of the Miller Urey hypothesis, and the 4 pieces of evidence that scientist propose for the abiotic origin of living cellsII. Functional Groups:You Are Required to Memorize this Chart!These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionIII. Glucose in Ring FormBe familiar with the ring structure of glucose, you don’t have to memorize it but know what all the parts are andhow the carbons are numbered. Pay attention to where the carbons are at.IV. Variations on Carbon SkeletonsYou don’t really have to know this, but be familiar with isomers and different ways you can play with a carbon skeleton, or any molecular structure. For instance, an isomer is a molecule with an identical molecular formula just arranged different. Like, if you had H – C – O it would change to O – C – H. This would be an example of an Enantioner as well, a molecular formula just mirror flipped. V. The Miller Urey Experiment goes like this:- Alexander Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane (not important who they were) wanted to know how life began.- They took a mixture of chemicals believed to have been the atmosphere of the early earth and put it in an enclosed environment. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- This mixture needed energy to make any sort of life, so they added an electrical charge to simulate lightning.- They found that after doing this a lot of organic compounds that are the basic foundation of life were produced.- CO2 was added and many amino acids were formed. Some like Ribose (RNA sugar) and Adenine (DNA/RNA)- The conclusion of this is that Organic Compounds may have been created abiotically (before life existed) on the primitive Earth. They say these compoundsmay have prepared life to have been created.-VI. The Origin of Life and the RNA World HypothesisYou need to know that there is evidence that the Miller Urey experiment’s conclusion could have happened, but there’s no solid fact that it did happen. There’sonly evidence to suggest that it could have. The evidence gathered is as follows:- Abiotic synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides (The result of the Miller/Urey experiment)- Heat/Chemical polymerization of monomers into polymers (creates sugars for energy)- The ability to self-replicate (RNA started to replicate itself)- Self-assembly of nucleic acid polymers within lipid envelopes (Basically, RNA is trapped inside something similar to a cell membrane, and that may have caused life)The RNA World Hypothesis is basically since the Miller/Urey experiment found Ribose, a key element for RNA among other elements, they think that RNA may copy itself, and that the RNA while copying itself was trapped in some kind of cellular membrane. That may have been the first cell, then evolution. It’s all just a hypothesis though, evidence points to it, but there’s no factual “this happened” proof.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st