Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture1. What are Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, and how do they normally function? 2. In general terms, Compare and contrast the two main mechanisms for signaling in cells: cAMP/protein kinase and calcium/IP3Outline of Current Lecture1) Identify the stages in the eukaryotic cell cycle and describe their principal events. 2) Describe the structure of a duplicated chromosome, including the sister chromatids, centromeres, andkinetochores.3) Describe how the Mitotic Spindle is organized, including the functions of the kinetochore and Non-Kinetochore microtubules4) Explain the significance of mitosis, and describe the stages.I. Eukaryotic Cell CycleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- This picture represents what a eukaryotic cell goes through and what portion of its lifeit goes through it. All of the following processes take part in Interphase (besides the M phase).- G1 Phase: The cell sits around, grows in size, and synthesized mRNA & proteins to prepare for mitosis. The most time is spent in this phase.- Synthesis Phase: DNA replication phase, resulting in sister chromatids.- G2 Phase: In this phase, the cells chromatin condense into chromosomes to prepare for mitosis, after the synthesis phase replicated the DNA. - M Phase: Mitosis, or cell division.II. Duplicated Strucures- Sister Chromatids: These are two chromatids that are exactly alike and are held together by a centromere in the middle. These are in an X kind of shape.- Centromeres: Centromeres hold together sister chromatids.- Kinetochores: Kinetochores are the spindle fibers that pull the chromatids apart during cell division.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionIII. Mitotic Spindle Structure- Kinetochore tubules attach to the opposite ends of the chromatids, and prepare to pull them apart. The non-kinetochore tubules elongate the cell into an ovular shape to make splitting easier.IV. Mitosis- Mitosis allows for a cell to divide, and without it, we would not exist. The stages of mitosis go like this:- Interphase – Chromosomes duplicate- Early Prophase – Chromosomes condense- Late Prophase – Chromosomes attach- Metaphase – Chromosomes align (Mitotic spindle structure)- Anaphase – Chromosomes seperate- Telophase – Chromosomes segregate (the cell splits)- Interphase – Chromosomes relax (basic cell activity resumes)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st
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