Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture1) Describe the structure and functions of lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles.2) Compare the general functions and structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts3) Describe the structure and functions of the cytoskeleton, including microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.4) Compare centrioles with cilia and flagella, and describe their structure and functions.5) Describe the relationship between surface area and volume, and solve simple problems on surface-to-volume ratio.Outline of Current Lecture1. Describe the Singer and Nicholson fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure.2. Describe how membrane proteins (integral and peripheral membrane proteins) associate with the lipid bilayer. Compare and contrast the Relative mobility of lipids vs. proteins in a typical plasma membrane.3. What is the ECM? Describe the 4 main components of the ECM and the functions of each component, What are two human diseases of the ECM? 4. What is the P side and what is the E side of the plasma membrane? What does the rER have to do with how do proteins get to the E side? How proteins become integral membrane proteins?I. Singer and Nicholson Fluid Mosaic Model- The extracellular membrane is called a fluid mosaic model because the phospholipids are in constant motion. This is where fluid comes from. It is called a mosaic model because of all the little proteins scattered in the membrane.II. Membrane Proteins These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- There are two main types of membrane proteins: integral and peripheral proteins. Integral proteins are wedged in the lipid bilayer, being both outside and inside the membrane. Peripheral proteins are exclusively on the inside of the cell on the lipid bilayer.- The lipids in a lipid bilayer must be constantly flowing for a cell membrane to function properly, thus they are always mobile. Integral proteins however are stuck inside of the flowing bilayer, but can be removed by little Detergents that bind to thepart of the integral protein inside of the bilayer and make the hydrophobic part they surround hydrophilic, dislodging the integral protein. Peripheral proteins are connected to the hydrophilic head side of the bilayer, but can detach in a variety of ways, including changes in pH, urea, being acted on by agents, etc.III. ECM- Ecm stands for Extra-Cellular Matrix. There are 4 main components to this system:- Integrins: Integrins transport things into and out of the cell, and are signaling and receptor proteins.- Fibronectin: These are the middleman strands that connect the ECM to the integrinsfor structure and support.- Collagen: Collagen are for strength, structure, and elasticity of the ECM.- Proteoglycan: Proteoglycan are chains of sugared proteins that can be used as identifiers on what is “self” or “non-self.”- Two diseases of the ECM are Marfan’s syndrome, and Osteogenesis imperfecta. Marfan’s syndrome is a mutation in the glycoprotein which distorts the extracellular membrane’s structure. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation in the collagen, wherethe collagen fibers aren’t made properly.IV. P & E - There are 2 sides of the plasma membrane, the P and the E side. The P side is facing interally to the cell, and the E side is facing Externally from the cell. The rER packs proteins into little transport vesicles that are sent on their way to the E side of the membrane. Integral proteins are packed into vesicles, but the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, resulting in the protein being integral to the membrane.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st