Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture1) What are the 4 types of intracellular junctions? Give an example of each.2) Describe the 7 major functions for plasma membrane proteins.3) Make sure you can determine “which way” water containing solutes will move when separated by a semipermeable membrane. Be able to use the terms hypo- hyper- and iso-tonic. 4) Differentiate between the two types of passive transport (including the differences between channels and carriers) and active transport.5) Compare endocytosis (phagocytosis), pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin coated pits) and exocytotic transport mechanisms.Outline of Current Lecture1) Explain the general classes of enzymes, the induced fit model of enzyme action, and how an enzyme lowers the required energy of activation for a reaction.2) Describe the overall reaction for an enzymatic reaction E + S --> E-S --> P + E . Whatis equilibrium, and metabolic disequilibrium? 3) Describe specific ways enzymes are regulated: competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition, and allosteric regulation. List specific examples of drugs that act by inhibiting enzyme function.I. Enzymes- Learn this chart:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- The Induced Fit Model works like this:One or more substrates will enter an active site. This creates an enzyme substrate complex, because the substrates are engulfed by the active site. Within the active site’s R groups is decided what the substrate(s) are turned into, for example it alters the position, stretches covalent bonds, and provides a good microenvironment (makes it more suitable for function). After the R groups take action, the substrate is converted into a product. (S P) Once theSubstrate is now a Product, the products are released.- When it comes to a cell performing functions, it demands ATP. The amount of ATP needed to perform a function is relatively high, and certain enzymes lower the amount of ATP needed for a reaction. There are a few specific ways that enzymes can lower the energy needed for reacting:They can change the temperature, pH levels, pressure, and contort the substrates shape to put strain on their chemical bonds.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionIn functionality terms, enzymes being catalysts, they lower the activation every, and increase how many chemical reactions happen. In the reactions, thereactant energy and product energy are the same so the activation energy is lowered. Basically the enzymes don’t leave room for high activation energy because it’s already driving the reaction.The simplest way to put it, enzymes cause chemical reactions that take up a lot of energy so there isn’t room for there to be a high activation energy because then it would just be way too much.II. Enzymatic Reaction- There is a formula for Enzymatic reactions, it is E + S --> E-S --> P + E. E stands for Enzyme, S stands for substrate, and P stand for Product.This equation basically says, the enzyme combines with the substrate and forms the enzyme substrate complex, which turns into a product while preserving the enzyme.- Equilibrium – All acting influences are canceled by others, creating a balance in forces.- Metabolic Disequilibrium – Metabolic disequilibrium allows things to flow into and out of the metabolic pathways. It prevents equilibrium from being achieved so that the cell can take things in and push things out. Cells use energy from anabolic pathways to drive the catabolic pathways.III. Enzyme Regulation- Since cells can’t break down anything on their own, they need to depend on enzymes to do this for them. This means they require control mechanisms to These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Editiontell the enzymes what to do. There are two ways a cell can do this: Genetic control, and Feedback inhibition.- Genetic control is controlling the transcription mRNA that an enzyme needs inenzyme synthesis. It does this by adding or removing a protein that binds to DNA and blocks or enhanced the function of RNA polymerase, the enzyme required for transcription.- Feedback inhibition is when the enzyme’s active site is changed in shape, and the first substrate is unable to bind to it in the metabolic pathway. This turns the pathway off. This is termed as noncompetitive inhibition. Competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor is the end product of an enzymatic reaction. The end product is capable of reacting with the enzyme’s active site, preventing the enzyme from binding with its normal substrate. This results in the end product no longer being synthesized. - Allosteric Regulation is the regulation of enzymes or proteins by binding effector molecules at the protein’s allosteric site (a site other than the protein’sactive site). These effector molecules either enhance (allosteric activators) or inhibit (allosteric inhibitors) the protein’s activity. - Some examples of enzyme inhibiting drugs could be alli, or Nevirapine STADA.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st