Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture1. Identify the major functional groups present in organic compounds and describe their properties.2. Condensation (dehydration) synthesis and hydrolysis:Explain the relationship between polymers and macromolecules, 3. Carbohydrates: Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Compare storage polysaccharides with structural polysaccharides.4. Lipids: Distinguish among fats, phospholipids, and steroids; describe the compositions,characteristics, and biological functions of each.Outline of Current Lecture1. Proteins: Describe the features that are shared by all amino acid monomers, and explain how amino acids are grouped into classes based on the characteristics of their side chains.2. Proteins: Give an overall description of the structure and functions of proteins. Distinguish among the four levels of organization of protein molecules.• Primary (1°) Structure: Linear amino acid sequence• Secondary (2°) Structure: Hydrogen bonds • Tertiary (3°) Structure: R-group interactions• Quaternary (4°) Structure: Protein chain interactions 3. Nucleic Acids: Describe the components of a nucleotide. Describe nucleic acids DNA, RNA, and ATP and discuss the importance of these compounds in living organisms.Current Lecture I. ProteinsAll macromolecules are built and broken down in the same way, either by condensation or hydrolysis. For amino acids, the monomers in them are composed of 5 main groups: The Alpha Carbon, the carboxyl end, the amino end, hydrogen, and the R group. There are 20 different types of R group than can be chemically grouped. If it’s polar, then it is hydrophilic. If it has a charge however, there is a charged carboxyl or charged amino acid inside of the R group. These charges change the structure, and the function, of the amino acid monomer.Amino acids are grouped into classes based on their acidity and polarity. There are 4 different classes of chain groups. These are non-polar and neutral, polar and neutral, acidic and polar, and basic and polar.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st EditionII. Protein StructureProteins are structurally linear polymers built out of amino acid monomers. Their functions are extremely vast and varied. Some proteins function as storage and hold nutrients like albumin (egg white) and casein (milk) and such. Others are Structural proteins, like keratin which is hair, or dystrophin which is muscle. There are 4 levels of organization in proteins:- Primary (1°) Structure: Linear amino acid sequenceThis is the primary building structure for a long amino acid chain. It is in a very specific order and is very linear. The order of which these amino acids are in is determined during RNA translation.- Secondary (2°) Structure: Hydrogen bonds There are 3 different ways the 2nd degree structure can form, but it is always formed via hydrogen bonding. What is formed is either an alpha helix, or a beta pleated sheet (a-helix, b-pleated sheet) or a combination of the two. A helixes are in a spiral shape, and are elastic and fibrous proteins. B pleated sheets are stronger but aren’t as elastic.- Tertiary (3°) Structure: R-group interactionsAt this level of the structure, it is formed and manipulated by the R groups in an amino acid. - Quaternary (4°) Structure: Protein chain interactionsAt this final structure, two or more polypeptide chains join together and make up a new protein. Just as a reminder, a polypeptide chain is a dehydrated link between amino acids; amino acids are combined through condensation.III. NucleotidesNucleotides are made up of nucleic acid monomers. The nucleic acid monomers are made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. These components make up RNA, DNA, and ATP. When we talk about the nitrogenous base,These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Editionyou need to know some basic terminology. Pyrimidines are single ring nitrogen baseswhen it comes to nucleic acids. They are called this because of their single ring structure with one molecule at the top and several more below it. Purines however are double ring structures. Both pyrimidines and purines base pair specifically in C-G,or A-T, (A-U if it’s RNA)DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid is hereditary material, and is the gene function for most organisms on the planet. DNA produces genetic information.RNA – Ribonucleic acid is very similar to DNA, except RNA has a hydroxyl group that DNA doesn’t have. (-OH) RNA also used uracil (U) in place of thymine (T) that DNA uses. RNA reads the genetic information that DNA produces. ATP – ATP transports energy inside of cells for metabolism. It enables a cell to function. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st