Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture1. Proteins: Describe the features that are shared by all amino acid monomers, and explain how amino acids are grouped into classes based on the characteristics of their side chains.2. Proteins: Give an overall description of the structure and functions of proteins. Distinguish among the four levels of organization of protein molecules.• Primary (1°) Structure: Linear amino acid sequence• Secondary (2°) Structure: Hydrogen bonds • Tertiary (3°) Structure: R-group interactions• Quaternary (4°) Structure: Protein chain interactions 3. Nucleic Acids: Describe the components of a nucleotide. Describe nucleic acids DNA, RNA, and ATP and discuss the importance of these compounds in living organisms.Outline of Current Lecture1) Explain the Cell Theory and its three main parts2) Compare and contrast the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells.3) Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus and its components.4) Endomembrane system - structure and function: • Distinguish between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum sER, rER) in terms of both structure and function.• Trace the path of proteins synthesized in the rER as they are subsequently processed, modified, and sorted by the Golgi complex and then transported to specific destinations.I. The Cell TheoryYou need to know the 3 main components of the Cell theory:1. The Cell is the base unit of life.2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.II. Prokaryotes vs EukaryotesThe biggest difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Prokaryotes are only single cell organisms, and Eukaryotic cells either are single celled organisms or make up organisms together. Eukaryotic cells make use of compartmentalization: organelles. This encourages enzymes being bunched together.III. The NucleusThe Nucleus is more or less the brain of a cell, its main function is to regulate gene expression of the cell. It’s basically just telling what the cell to do, like when to reproduce, These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Editionwhen and how to grow, things of that nature. The nucleus is where DNA is mostly found at. The nucleus also stores chromatins, a combination of proteins and DNA in the cell. The whole of the nucleus is enclosed by what is called a nuclear envelope, which is essentially a membrane surrounding the nucleus. On the outside of the envelope are nuclear pores, which allow water soluble substances out of and into the nucleus.IV. Endoplasmic ReticulumThere are 2 main types of endoplasmic reticulum in a cell: Rough ER and Smooth ER. rER is mainly for the creating of proteins (protein synthesis). It has a rough appearance due to the ribosomes secreting proteins out of it. sER creates lipids, fatty acids, and the plasma membrane.The Golgi’s main functions include sorting out the secretions of the ER and making modifications to them (sugar tagging, phosphates). As the rER secretes proteins, they are picked up by vesicles and are transported to the Golgi. The proteins go through the Golgi cisternae (channels) and are altered to fit their function. Whence the proteins are at the end of the Golgi channels, they are picked up by Vesicles to be transported to either their final location, or back to the ER.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st
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