BIOL 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9 – 19The following is review for Exam # 2. These questions are directly from the Practice Test.1.A: Activation SiteB: Substrate C: Competitive InhibitorD: EnzymeE: Non-Competitive Inhibitor2. A. Activation energy without enzymeB. Activation energy with enzymeC. Glucose in GlycolysisD. DGE. Pyruvate in Glycolysis3. The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma, where photosynthesis occurs. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where respiration occurs. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid. In the mitochondria, ATP is produced in the cristae. Protein gradients for ATP synthesis in cellular respiration occur at the inner mitochondrial membrane space. Protein gradients for ATP synthesis in light reactions occur inside the thylakoids.4. Exergonic Reactions are always spontaneous, meaning energy is not used to start the reaction. They proceed with a net release of free energy. These reactions do not absorb anyenergy. Endergonic Reactions are always non-spontaneous, meaning they need to absorb energy to begin the reaction. 5. Know that when cells duplicate and have completed mitosis, they both have the same amount of chromosomes and DNA.6. Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts transfers H+ protons from the stroma to the thykaloid space, whereas in the mitochondria, chemiosmosis transfers H+ protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.7. In the mitochondria, the intermembrane space where H+ protons gather is highly acidic. The more H+ protons that are concentrated, the lower the pH level, causing the area to be acidic. However surprisingly enough, the more OH- ions that are concentrated, the higher the pH level, causing the area to be basic. 8. Know your bookkeeping:9. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration have both ATP Synthase by which ATP is made, and they both generate proton gradients across their membrane for chemiosmosis.10. Know the process of Glycolysis. Glucose is in a cell’s cytosol and is broken down by 4 kinase and 1 dehydrogenase in order to turn glucose into 2 pyruvate. It does this by a very complex set of reactions which you will not need to know for the exam, so don’t worry about that, just have a general feel for it all.The first step of glycolysis is the hexokinase taking off a P from ATP, turning ATP to ADP, and glucose into Glucose6phosphate. This type of reaction is endergonic. So, to break it down, ATP  ADP.11. When a muscle cell is out of oxygen, instead of using oxygen to go through cellular respiration, it produces lactic acid and NAD+ to continue in place of it. However, it cannot dothis forever, as the lactic acid it secretes is not so wonderful for it. For questions like these, know anerobic respiration.12. Know the stages of mitosis and recognize them.G2 Interphase: Newly duplicated chromatins cluster inside the nucleolus. Prophase: The centrosomes create mitotic spindle fibers and duplicated chromosomes form into two sister chromatids.Prometaphase: The centrosomes align at opposite ends of the cell and the nuclear envelopebreaks. The chromosomes inside the nucleus escape into the cytosol.Metaphase: The sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate and are attached to the spindle fibers.Anaphase: The centrosomes go onto opposite ends of the cell and the spindle fibers pull apart the chromatids.Telophase: The original cell divides and becomes two.13. Know the cell signaling pathway:A ligand connects with a GPLR (G-Protein Linked Receptor) which changed shape and phosphorylates a G protein that was on it. This goes over to the adenylyl cyclase and activates it. The adenylyl cyclase then proceeds to make cyclic AMP which is ATP with 2P’s taken off of it. This goes and activates what needs to happen, such as activating Protein Kinase A which will break down glycogen.14. The replication of DNA happens during the S phase of interphase, NOT mitosis. Know what happens in interphase.15. Know the Calvin cycle. The 3 stages are Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and RuBP