Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture1) Diagram the structure of a chloroplast.2) Describe what happens to an electron in a biological molecule when a photon of light energy is absorbed, using the reaction center chlorophyll as an example.3) Explain the concept of photolysis and how it relates to the oxygen in the atmosphere.4) Distinguish between the light reactions and CO2 reactions of photosynthesis in terms of their LOCATION in the chloroplast, their STARTING MATERIALS, and END PRODUCTS 5) Describe the flow of electrons through photosystems I and II in the noncyclic electron transport pathway (photophosphorylation); contrast this with cyclic photophosphorylation.6) Explain how a proton (H+) gradient is established across the thylakoid membrane and how this gradient functions in ATP synthesis.7) Summarize the three phases of the Calvin cycle, and indicate the roles of RUBISCO, ATP and NADPH in the process.8) Discuss how photorespiration reduces photosynthetic efficiency, and compare the C4 and CAM pathways).Outline of Current Lecture1. Describe three stages of intercellular cell signaling, giving one or two ‘real life’ examples of each step.2. Explain the structure and function of a G-protein linked receptor. What is a ligand and where does it interact with the GPLR? 3. What is cAMP and why is it called a Second Messenger?4. What are protein kinases, and what do they have to do with signal transduction?5. Describe how phosphorylation cascades are used to relay signals to the inside of cells.I. The Three Stages of Intercellular Cell Signaling- There are 3 stages in intercellular cell signaling:- Reception: A signal molecule goes and binds a G-Protein receptor of a cell, causing achange in shape of the protein, which releases a subunit.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- Transduction: The subunit travels to Adenylyl Cyclase and activates it. The adenylyl cyclase will then convert ATP into cAMP, a second messenger. The cAMP will bind with an inactive Protein Kinase, splitting the catalytic and regulatory portions. (The regulatory portions kept the protein kinase from doing anything.) The catalytic portions are phosphorylated by ATP and are now activated, making them able to act on enzymes in the cell.- Response: The now active protein kinase will perform an activation of cellular responses, IE glycogen breakdown, or activating a gene, etc.- An overview of this would be a signal molecule activating a receptor that activates a cascade of steps, which eventually activate a protein kinase which performs the action.II. G Protein Linked Receptor- A G protein linked receptor’s function is to begin the cell activation cycle. It sits in the phospholipid bilayer, with one end sticking out and another end sticking in, spanning the whole membrane. A Ligand, or signal molecule, attaches to the outsideportion of the G protein, since the ligand cannot pass the membrane. III. cAMP- Cyclic AMP or cAMP is the product released by the first receptor. It is ATP that has 2 phosphorus taken off of it after the subunits released by the GPLR react with the Adenylyl cyclase. It is the second messenger because its job is to activate the proteinkinase, passing the message on as a second messenger.IV. Protein KinasesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st Edition- Protein kinase are at first inactive, until turned active by the subunit given off by the GPLR. Protein kinase are made up of 2 parts catalytic, and 2 parts regulatory blocks. The regulatory keeps the catalytic part from being active, until acted on by a subunit from the GPLR. When the protein kinase is turned active, the catalytic parts go off toperform whatever was needed to happen in the cell signaling process, whether it was to break down glycogen or to activate a gene.V. Phosphorylation Cascades- The phosphorylation cascade is a reaction in transduction where one protein kinase phosphorylates another protein kinase from the phosphate from ATP, which phosphorylates another protein kinase with phosphate from ATP, and so on and so forth, causing a chain reaction that phosphorylates thousands of proteins. Each step of this amplifies the signal originally sent out, turning on a response.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 101 1st