BIOL 101 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. Explain the Cell Theory and its three main partsII. Compare and contrast the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells.III. Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus and its components.IV. Endomembrane system - structure and function: a. Distinguish between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum sER, rER) in termsof both structure and function.b. Trace the path of proteins synthesized in the rER as they are subsequently processed, modified, and sorted by the Golgi complex and then transported to specific destinations.Outline of Current Lecture I. Describe the structure and functions of lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles.II. Compare the general functions and structure of mitochondria and chloroplastsIII. Describe the structure and functions of the cytoskeleton, including microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.IV. Compare centrioles with cilia and flagella, and describe their structure and functions.V. Describe the relationship between surface area and volume, and solve simple problems on surface-to-volume ratio.Current LectureI. Lysosomes Peroxisomes and VacuolesLysosomes are proteins first synthesized by the rER and have been through the Golgi complex. They are membrane enclosed spheres and contain digesting enzymes. Their main function is to digest things in the cell that enter by endocytosis.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Peroxisomes are little membrane bound organelles that basically initiate various reactions within a cell. To be more specific, they “containing an assortment of enzymes that catalyze a variety of metabolic reactions.”Vacuoles are large membrane enclosed sacs. Their main function is the storage of materials for energy production, such as starches or glycogen.II. Mitochondria and ChloroplastsMitochondria and chloroplasts are membrane bound organelles that do not appear in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria. Mitochondria breaks down glucose to form energy (respiration), making the mitochondria the main source of energy for the cell.Chloroplasts however do the opposite and turn CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen for photosynthesis.III. The Cytoskeleton and it’s PartsThe Cytoskeleton is a cellular scaffolding that basically holds everything in place in a cell for those animal cells that don’t have a rigid cell wall. It can be spontaneously disassembled and reassembled to change the shape of the cell. It has 3 cytoskeletal filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are small tubular parts that make up the cytoskeleton. They are made of proteins.Microfilaments are extremely thing rod like fibers that are very versatile in shape, and they function in cytokinesis, cell motility, and help change the shape of the cell.Intermediate Filaments provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues. They however are not related to cell movement. Their structure is more or less a connection between parts of a cell and are made of proteins.IV. Flagella and CiliaA cell can get around easier if it has a flagella or cilia. A flagella is a tail like structure on the end of most commonly bacterial cells that swim to their destination using thistail. Cilia however are little hair like appendages that are much slower and have to work together to have the cell reach its destination.V. Surface Area RelationshipBasically, this section was about having one big cell being dysfunctional. The relationship of cytoplasm and surface area would be entirely unbalanced if it was big, so it would be extremely difficult for anything to pass into or out of the cell. So cells just stay tiny and proportional and divide and make many many cells to create a tissue or something like that.You should also probably know some geometric relationships between surface area and volume.Total surface area (height x width x number of sides x number of boxes)Total Volume (height x width x length x number of boxes)Surface to volume ratio (area +