BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment L5 GRQs Cell Signaling with Hormones Reading Objectives Differentiate between chemical and electrical signaling to cells Describe how the two types of chemical signaling mechanisms affecting target cells differently Explain the consequences of endocrine disruptors Explain how testosterone and estrogen affect gender development Identify functions of enzymes and the conditions they work best Explain how enzymes are inhibited Modules 26 1 2 Chemical and electrical signals coordinate body functions Hormones affect target cells using two main signaling mechanism 1 What two type of signals does the body use to communicate a Electrical signals transmitted through neurons and chemical signals hormones released into the bloodstream 2 How do they affect different responses in the body a The endocrine system releases the chemical signals which then make their way to every part of the body via the bloodstream The nervous system releases electrical signals which are then carried by neurons which are nerve cells 3 What does a target cell have that allows it to respond to a hormone secreted from a distant gland that a non target cell is lacking a They have receptors for that specific hormone 4 List and describe the three stages of hormone signaling a Response A hormone binds to a specific receptor protein on or inside the target cell which is designed to read that specific message b Signal Transduction When a signal molecule attaches to a receptor protein it sets off a chain of events inside the target cell that changes the signal into a different form Sets off a chain reaction c Response The result from the transduction allows for a change in the cells behavior It answers the signal sent by doing something i e making a new protein increasing energy use or even changing how genes are expressed 5 Are hormone receptors on the plasma membrane or inside cells a Hormone receptors are on the plasma membrane 6 Draw a quick diagram outlining the differences between BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment water soluble hormone signaling vs lipid soluble hormone signaling 7 Why can steroid hormones pass through the plasma and nuclear membranes a Steroid hormones are not soluble in water so they are nonpolar and can pass through the phospholipid bilayer BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment Modules 26 8 9 Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress 1 What organ secretes insulin and glucagon a Pancreas 2 What are the target cells of insulin What affect does insulin have on cells a Target cells of insulin are any cells really all of them that need glucose to do work but especially liver and muscle cells where glucose in the form of glycogen can be stored 3 What are the target cells of glucagon What affect does glucagon have on target cells a Cells in the liver The glycogen stores are broken down and glucose is returned to the blood 4 Diabetes as a group of diseases affects 1 in 11 Americans What is diabetes a A human hormonal disease where the body cannot absorb enough glucose from the blood and becomes energy starved 5 Compare and contrast the differences in hormone signaling defects in type 1 vs type 2 diabetes a in type 1 target cells do not receive a signal that leads them to glucose transporters The level of glucose stays elevated In type 2 insulin is produced but the signal is not relayed normally 6 What condition occurs if too much insulin is produced or injected a Hypoglycemia low glucose in the blood ADDITONAL KNOWLEDGE FUN Check out this short 2 min video to about diagnosing diabetes Take notes if it helps you https www youtube com watch v bIhy Rb2xp4 Module 5 13 and 5 14 Enzymes speed up the cell s ractions by lowering energy barriers A specific enzyme catlayzes each cellular reaction 1 What does the activation energy of a chemical reaction specifically do to reactants BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 2 What do enzymes do to the activation energy a Enzymes lower activation energy by reducing the energy needed for reactants to come together and react They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy 3 Draw a graph with two lines One line will represent a reaction without an enzyme and the other line will represent an enzyme catalyzed reaction Your Y axis should be labeled as increasing energy and your X axis should be labeled progress of reaction Be sure to label the activation energy for both reactions BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 4 True or False Defend you answer for each i e explain why a particular statement is true or correct a false statement F Enzymes are consumed in reactions Enzymes are not consumed in reactions because they go on to catalyze other reactions as well T Substrate is another word for reactant A substrate is the reactants that an enzyme works on T An enzyme and a substrate will bind to each other T Enzymes are specific to substrate Enzymes are specific because only certain substrate molecules fit into their active sites T Active site refers to a part of the enzyme An active site refers to the specific region on an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction F Enzymes are always proteins Enzymes are usually proteins but not always as RNA sometimes functions as an enzyme 5 What conditions do most enzymes work best at Explain how the optimal conditions are related to the shape of molecules such as proteins a 35 40 degrees Celsius 6 The cereal you ate this week even if it was Fruit Loops contained metals found on the periodic chart such as zinc and iron What are these metals doing in your cereal And wait is there a connection between chemistry and biology a They are coenzymes Module 5 15 Enzyme inhibition can regulate enzyme activity in a cell 1 Examine Figure 5 15 Explain in your words what this illustration describes being sure to define all the vocabulary words from the illustration a A competitive inhibitor reduces and enzyme s productivity by blocking substrate
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