BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment L2 GRQs Structure Function of Macromolecules Reading objectives use these statements to study in a more open ended way Explain and give examples of the major themes in biology such as evolution flow of information structure and function transformation of matter and energy interactions within and between systems Describe differences in molecular bonds that hold organic molecules together Explain the structure and function and categorize the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids Compare observational vs experimental studies and retrospective vs prospective studies Explain the evolution of lactose tolerance Modules 1 9 1 14 Themes of biology 1 There are five unifying themes in biology that we will discuss throughout the semester Expect overlap one topic we are learning about may provide examples of many themes List the five themes and a brief description of each before we go through each in more depth 1 Evolution descent with modification the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present day ones also the genetic changes in a population from generation to generation 2 Flow of Information genetic information encoded in DNA determines an reoganim s structures and functions The properties also depend on the stimuli signals and pathways that regulate where when and how an organism s genetic information is expressed 3 Structure and Function are Related in biological systems structure the shape of something and function what it does are almost always related with each providing insight into the other 4 Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter the activities of life movement growth reproduction regulation and most cellular processes require energy The input of energy p romarily from the sun and the conversion of energy from one form to another make life possible Interactions within and Between Systems life is characterized by the interconnections and interactions of biological systems functioning in an ecosystem 5 FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FUN Check out this short 3 min video to review chemical bonds this is important when thinking about molecules in your body Take notes if it helps you https www youtube com watch v ts FuUp7b3c Module 3 1 Life s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon 1 What is an organic compound Carbon based molecules that usually contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon 2 Based on your definition which one of these is an organic compound Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Module 3 2 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules 1 What does the word hydrophilic mean Hydrophilic means loving loving pertaining to polar or charged molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water 2 What chemical groups can be found contained in the building blocks of proteins Amino Acids and carboxyl groups are found in amino acids Module 3 3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules 1 Think about making a necklace with small beads Use the necklace as an analogy to use the words macromolecule monomer polymer dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in sentences Can you draw an example With the analogy of a necklace a macromolecule would be considered the entirety of the entire necklace formed by the stringing of polymers as multiple beads and monomers would be the individual beads Then the formation of the necklace would be completed by fusing the beads together with a string as a dehydration reaction or could also be broken apart by applying force and tearing the string through hydrolysis Module 3 4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates 1 The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Name a few from the reading glucose and fructose 2 The use of sugars as both energy resources and organic building blocks clearly illustrates one of our five themes of life which one The flow of energy and the cycling of matter Module 3 5 Two monosaccharides are linked to form a disaccharide 1 Describe how two monosaccharides are joined and what forms when they are chemically joined When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction a disaccharide is formed This process occurs as one monomer gives up a hydroxyl group and the other gives up a hydrogen atom after water is released an oxygen atom is left behind thus linking the two monomers Module 3 6 Are we eating too much sugar 1 How much sugar does the typical American consume daily 22 teaspoons of sugar Yearly 26 bags of sugar 2 What correlation has the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES study made with increased sugar consumption The NHANES study has documented a correlation between increased sugar consumption independent of obesity and health problems such as cardiovascular disease high blood pressure high cholesterol and diabetes Module 3 7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units 1 Three of the polysaccharides listed below are made of glucose as a repeating monomer but it is assembled in different ways What are these three glucose based polysaccharides and what is each of their origin and function Glucose based polysaccharide name Starch Found in Plant or Animal Plant Function Energy storage or Structural Glycogen Animal Cellulose Plant Storage polysaccharide serves as carbohydrate banks so plant cells can withdraw glucose for energy or building materials Glucose storage granules in liver and muscle cells to hydrolyze the glycogen to release glucose when needed Major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells it helps to provide strong support for plants 2 To break these down would this be hydrolysis or a dehydration reaction Can you draw it to refresh your memory Hydrolysis Module 3 8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy storage molecules 1 Most carbohydrates and other biological molecules are hydrophilic What chemical property describes fats and how they interact with water Lipids are hydrophobic as they do not mix well with water 2 What if any are the monomers of fats Fatty acids and glycerol 3 Compare and contrast unsaturated and saturated fats in terms of where they can be found plant or animal Most animal fats are saturated and most plant fats are typically unsaturated fatty acids 4 What is the main function of fats Energy storage Module 3 10 Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a
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