BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment L14 GRQs Flow of Genetic information II Reading Objectives Summarize the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein Predict how specific types of mutations in DNA will lead to alterations in the structure and function of protein Module 10 15 Review The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA cid 0 RNA cid 0 Protein 1 What part of the flow of information occurs in the nucleus transcription of dna to rna in nucleus 2 What occurs in the cytoplasm translation of rna into protein in cytoplasm 3 Review name all the molecular players involved in the function of transcription dna rna transcription mrna 4 Review name all the molecular players involved in the function of translation mrna ribsomes trna amino acids rrna 5 Explain in your own words how understanding this flow of information links genotype to phenotype Genotype is the genetic code in DNA which is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins Proteins are responsible for the traits we see phenotype so changes in the DNA sequence genotype can affect protein function and ultimately the phenotype Module 10 16 Mutations can affect genes 1 Mutations or variations can occur during DNA replication before a cell divides Define mutation A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene which can alter the function of the gene 2 What is the consequence of a single nucleotide substitution in the DNA of a gene It can lead to a point mutation which may result in a missense changed amino acid nonsense stop codon or silent mutation no change in the protein 1 BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 3 Contrast this with a single nucleotide insertion or deletion in the DNA of a gene Insertions or deletions can cause a frameshift mutation which alters the entire reading frame of the gene often resulting in a completely different and usually nonfunctional protein 4 How can a single nucleotide result in a shortened protein product A single nucleotide substitution can create a premature stop codon nonsense mutation leading to a truncated protein 5 Compare different changes at the DNA level that affect primary structure of a protein Missense mutation Changes a single amino acid in the protein Nonsense mutation Introduces a stop codon resulting in a shortened protein Frameshift mutation Shifts the reading frame altering many amino acids and usually leading to a nonfunctional protein 6 Use this DNA sequence and make three different types of mutations by illustrating what the mRNA and protein would look like if you mutated a DNA sequence you design the DNA template strand Missense Nonsense Frameshift wildtype DNA ATG GGA TTC mutated DNA ATG GGA TCC mRNA AYG GGA UCC protein Met gly ser 7 What are some mutagens that can damage DNA UV radiation chemicals like benzene and tobacco smoke 8 How do mutations relate to evolution 1 Mutations introduce genetic variation which can lead to beneficial traits that may be favored by natural selection driving evolution over time Real World application Visit https www pri org stories 2012 03 28 gene test offers whiff hope listen to the story and answer these questions 2 BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 1 What is trimethylaminurea TMAU disorder TMAU is a metabolic disorder where the body cannot properly break down trimethylamine leading to a strong fish like odor 2 The gene that is mutated in the disease codes for a protein with what kind of function The gene codes for an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down trimethylamine 3 In what secretions will the odor be found The odor is found in sweat urine and breath 4 Why did the gene test to confirm the diagnosis of TMAU in Graham provide hope and then disappointment The test provided hope because a diagnosis could lead to better management but disappointment because there is no cure for the condition 5 What is the problem with research dollars and really rare or non life threatening disorders Rare disorders often receive less funding and attention because they affect fewer people and are not seen as life threatening 6 Graham finds out that he has passed the gene onto his daughter Think about if you knew you had inherited a gene like this but had not yet showed symptoms What is the dilemma with knowing this 1 Knowing you have a gene for a disorder creates uncertainty about if or when symptoms will appear which could cause anxiety or concern about passing it on to future generations 3
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