BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment L13 GRQs Flow of Genetic information I Reading Objectives Draw how the monomers of DNA are put together to form polynucleotides Explain how four nucleotides create so much variation Describe how specific DNA nucleotides encode specific protein sequences and how mutations in DNA affect proteins Name all the components of transcription and how they function Name all the components of translation and how they function Compare and contrast the processes and outcomes of DNA replication transcription and translation Module 10 2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides 1 What makes up a nucleotide How do the four nucleotides differ from each other consists of three components a phosphate group a five carbon sugar deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA and a nitrogenous base The four nucleotides in DNA differ by their nitrogenous bases adenine A thymine T guanine G and cytosine C 2 What kind of bonds hold a nucleotides together in a polynucleotide Are they strong Nucleotides in a polynucleotide are held together by phosphodiester bonds which are strong covalent bonds 3 What kind of bonds hold two polynucleotides together what holds the double helix together Are they strong The two polynucleotides in a DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous bases These bonds are relatively weak compared to covalent bonds allowing for the separation of the strands during replication and transcription 4 Draw a simple picture of a DNA polynucleotide one half of the double helix showing sugars phosphates bases Module 10 3 DNA is a double stranded helix 1 Who was Rosalind Franklin What did she contribute to the discovery of DNA s structure Rosalind Franklin was a biophysicist and X ray crystallographer whose work was crucial in understanding the molecular structures of DNA Her X ray diffraction images of DNA provided key insights into its helical structure 2 Women in science have faced many hurdles Much has been written about the gender harassment Franklin put up with Read more about it here if you are interested https www sciencemag org careers 2018 08 rosalind franklin and damage gender harassment 3 What did Watson and Crick do to solve the structure Watson and Crick built a model of DNA based on Franklin s X ray diffraction data along with other biochemical evidence which led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 4 What is the Watson Crick pairing rule The Watson Crick pairing rule states that adenine A pairs with thymine T and guanine G pairs with cytosine C through hydrogen bonds 5 If a DNA molecule was made of 20 A what percent of the DNA would be T And what would consist of G C 6 Which 3 scientists won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA James Watson Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins 7 Why didn t Rosalind Franklin win the prize Rosalind Franklin died in 1958 four years before the Nobel Prize was awarded in 1962 and the prize cannot be awarded posthumously Additionally her contributions were not fully recognized at the time 8 Where does the variation of DNA sequences come from That is you and an emu and an elephant and a bacterium all possess DNA but how is your DNA different Variation in DNA sequences arises from mutations which can occur during DNA replication and from genetic recombination during meiosis resulting in differences between individuals species and other organisms Module 10 4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing 1 Where does DNA replication occur in the cell nucleus 2 Describe the semiconservative models of DNA replication Why is it important The semiconservative model of DNA replication states that each new DNA molecule consists of one original parental strand and one newly synthesized strand This model is important because it ensures that genetic information is accurately passed on to daughter cells during cell division Module 10 6 Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins 1 Think about the overview of what you are about to learn related to information and put these words in order in a simple diagram Translation RNA DNA transcription protein dna rna translation protein 2 What is The Central Dogma you might have to Google it the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein indicating how genes express traits BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FUN Check out this short 3 min video to get an overview of the rest of the modules of this assignment It will help you keep the overview in mind Take notes if it helps you https www youtube com watch v gG7uCskUOrA Module 10 7 Genetic information in codons is translated into amino acid sequences 1 Genes provide the information for making proteins 2 How is the language of RNA different from DNA RNA uses ribose as its sugar instead of deoxyribose contains uracil U instead of thymine T and is typically single stranded rather than double stranded 3 What is a codon codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or a stop signal during protein synthesis 4 What is the relationship between codons and amino acids Codons specify which amino acids will be added to a growing polypeptide chain during translation Module 10 8 The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids 1 What is the goal of translation The goal of translation is to synthesize a polypeptide protein based on the sequence of codons in mRNA 2 Using figure 10 8A practice translating the code What amino acid is coded by the mRNA sequence CAU What is the codon s for the amino acid valine Val 3 How many codons are there 64 4 What three letters are the start codon AUG What amino acid does this code for 5 What are the three stop codons UAA UAG and UGA 6 Do they stop codons code for amino acids Module 10 9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA 1 Draw a gene that includes a promoter and terminator DNA BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 2 In a few sentences that are your own describe the process of
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