BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment L2 GRQs Structure Function of Macromolecules Reading objectives use these statements to study in a more open ended way Explain and give examples of the major themes in biology such as evolution flow of information structure and function transformation of matter and energy interactions within and between systems Describe differences in molecular bonds that hold organic molecules together Explain the structure and function and categorize the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids Compare observational vs experimental studies and retrospective vs prospective studies Explain the evolution of lactose tolerance Modules 1 9 1 14 Themes of biology 1 There are five unifying themes in biology that we will discuss throughout the semester Expect overlap one topic we are learning about may provide examples of many themes List the five themes and a brief description of each before we go through each in more depth 1 2 3 4 5 cell structure and funchon cells are the basic unit of life Stability Homeostasis The maintenence of relatively stable internal enuronments Reproduction and inheritance Reproduction process of cheating offspring Erdution A change in a population over time Energy Matter organisms must obtalk and use energy to survive FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FUN Check out this short 3 min video to review chemical bonds this is important when thinking about molecules in your body Take notes if it helps you https www youtube com watch v ts FuUp7b3c Module 3 1 Life s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon 1 What is an organic compound A chemical compound that contains carbon hydrogen or carbon carbon bands 2 Based on your definition which one of these is an organic compound G Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Module 3 2 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules 1 What does the word hydrophilic mean soluble in water water loving 2 What chemical groups can be found contained in the building blocks of proteins A carboxy graup an amiro group and an Re group Module 3 3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules 1 Think about making a necklace with small beads Use the necklace as an analogy to use the words macromolecule monomer polymer dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in sentences Can you draw an example Each beac of the necklace represents a monomer The whole necklace represents a polymer of the beads as is also a macromolecule you make this necklace polymer through a series of dehydration reactions You break the bonds between the beads the necklace by hydrolysis Module 3 4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates 1 The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Name a few from the reading Glucose and fructose a Energy and matter 2 The use of sugars as both energy resources and organic building blocks clearly illustrates one of our five themes of life which one Module 3 5 Two monosaccharides are linked to form a disaccharide 1 Describe how two monosaccharides are joined and what forms when they are chemically joined Disaccharides areformed when 2 monosacchandes jain by dehydration reaction Module 3 6 Are we eating too much sugar 1 How much sugar does the typical American consume daily Yearly 2 What correlation has the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES study made with increased sugar consumption diseases increase like high blood pressure high cholesterd and diabetes Module 3 7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units 1 Three of the polysaccharides listed below are made of glucose as a repeating monomer but it is assembled in different ways What are these three glucose based polysaccharides and what is each of their origin and function Glucose based polysaccharide name Starch Found in Plant or Animal Function Energy storage or 26 bags plants As sugar consumption increases rates of cardiovascular 22 teaspoons Glycogen Animals plants Cellulose 2 To break these down would this be hydrolysis or a dehydration reaction Can you draw it to refresh your memory This would be a dehydration reaction Cl 2 OH In on mo 9 S I I I non Ch2 On CHION Chron H N I on n M OH guicose 4 On glucose maltose He g Structural Energy storage Energy storage Structural They are an efficient way of storeing energy Module 3 8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy storage molecules 1 Most carbohydrates and other biological molecules are hydrophilic What chemical property describes fats and how they interact with water fats are mostly hydrophobic water fearing They have nonpaar cavalent bands which block them from being able to make bonds with water 2 What if any are the monomers of fats facty acids and glycera 3 Compare and contrast unsaturated and saturated fats in terms of where they can be found plant or animal unsaturated fars are Liquid at RT and are most frequently found in plants and fish saturated fats are solid at RT and are mostlyfound in animals 4 What is the main function of fats Module 3 10 Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions 1 Draw and label a picture of a phospholipid cartoon form not the chemical structures Be sure to use these labels head tail hydrophobic hydrophillic Module 3 12 Proteins have a wide range of functions and structures 1 What are the monomers of proteins Amino acds 2 A proteins function depends on it s When a protein unravels or unfolds we call this Module 3 13 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds 17 There are 20 different amino acids what part of each amino acid makes it different from the other amino acids The R group Of amino acids is variable drophicPhosphateneda denaturation structure different peptide x helixes polypeptide hydrogen chain Module 3 14 A Protein s functional shape results from four levels of structure FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FUN Check out the first 1 5 minutes of this video to review protein structure Animations are also available in Mastering Take notes if it helps you https www youtube com watch v 1peFJ N7V8 1 Primary structure Amino acid join together through a dehydration reaction The covalent bonds between amino acids are known as bonds 2 Secondary structure bonds between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid Two types of secondary structure occur and 3 The three dimensional structure of a protein is
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