BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment L2 GRQs Structure Function of Macromolecules Reading objectives use these statements to study in a more open ended way Explain and give examples of the major themes in biology such as evolution flow of information structure and function transformation of matter and energy interactions within and between systems Describe differences in molecular bonds that hold organic molecules together Explain the structure and function and categorize the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids Compare observational vs experimental studies and retrospective vs prospective studies Explain the evolution of lactose tolerance Modules 1 9 1 14 Themes of biology 1 There are five unifying themes in biology that we will discuss throughout the semester Expect overlap one topic we are learning about may provide examples of many themes List the five themes and a brief description of each before we go through each in more depth 1 Evolution the process of change that has transformed life on Earth Came into life when Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 Descent with modification species today arose from a succesion of ancestors that were different from them captures the unity and diversity of life Natural selection the mechanism for evolution Family tree Tree of Life a species represents a twig on a branch that extends back in time through ancestral species more and more remote Unequal reproductive success individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment produce the greatest number of offspring o Evidence fossil records experiments observations of natural selection in action DNA comparisons 2 Artificial Selection technically a part of 1 the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits Agents of natural selection by intentionally unintentionally manipulating changes in the environment 3 Flow of Information Genetic Information the processes of life such as reproduction growth and development internal regulation and response to the environment all depend on the transmission and use of information DNA provides the master instructions for all of a cell s functions Also the heritable information that is passed through generations Made up of two long chains strands coiled together into a double helix The strands are made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides A T C G Precise configurations of these chemical letters encode information in units of inheritance genes which are typically hundreds or thousands of letters long Blueprint for making a protein 1 BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment 4 Structure and Function the organisms whose structures best performed their functions would have been most likely to have reproductive success thereby passing those adaptions on to their offspring 5 Transfer and Transformation of Energy Matter the activities of life movement growth reproduction regulation and most cellular processes require energy Energy flows into most ecosystems as sunlight and photosynthetic organisms convert it into chemical energy in sugars and other energy rich molecules when then is passed to consumers and then eventually decomposers Some energy is always converted to heat which is lost in an ecosystem 6 Interactions Within and Between Systems the whole is greater than the sum of its parts System a combination of components that form a complex organization Systems Biology scientists attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among their parts FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FUN Check out this short 3 min video to review chemical bonds this is important when thinking about molecules in your body Take notes if it helps you https www youtube com watch v ts FuUp7b3c Module 3 1 Life s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon 1 What is an organic compound Organic compounds carbon based molecules usually contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon 2 Based on your definition which one of these is an organic compound Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Carbon dioxide glucose Carbon creates bonds to other atoms allowing for elements ex gas to be made Isomers same formula but different structural arrangements Hydrocarbons molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Module 3 2 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules 1 What does the word hydrophilic mean Hydrophilic polar water loving and soluble in water first five functional groups Functional Groups chemical groups they affect a molecule s function by participating in chemical reactions compounds containing this are called alcohols Methyl Group carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms nonpolar and non reactive but affects molecular shape Hydroxyl Group hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom Carbonyl Group a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom simple sugars Amino Group nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens called amines building blocks Phosphate Group phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms organic phosphates involved in energy transfers 2 What chemical groups can be found contained in the building blocks of proteins Amino groups 2 BIOL 101 Guided Reading Questions GRQs Complete and submit this GRQ as a PDF before lecture and before your online Mastering Assignment Module 3 3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules 1 Think about making a necklace with small beads Use the necklace as an analogy to use the words macromolecule monomer polymer dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in sentences Can you draw an example Macromolecule molecules of three different classes carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acid Make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules into chains called polymers a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together Making Polymers Monomers building blocks of polymers Cells link monomers together to form polymers by a dehydration reaction a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together Breaking Polymers Hydrolysis digestion process of breaking down polymers into monomers reverse of dehydration reaction to break with water Enzymes specialized macros
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