Guided Reading Qs Do these before the Mastering Assignment L02 Structure Function of Macromolecules Video about bonds and all of chapter 3 Reading Objectives Describe differences in molecular bonds that hold organic molecules together Explain the structure and function and categorize the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids Compare observational vs experimental studies and retrospective vs prospective studies Explain the evolution of lactose tolerance Watch this video about molecular bonds and answer questions while you watch https www youtube com watch v ts FuUp7b3c 1 The first image is of water H2O The two hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to oxygen Oxygen has 8 protons and each hydrogen has 1 proton Thus which atom is better at attracting the electrons they are sharing Oxygen This concept which the narrator calls electron bullying is called electronegativity Because of this bullying oxygen becomes slightly negative and the hydrogens become slightly positive Thus water is an example of a polar covalent molecule 2 Unlike water some covalent bonds within molecules share electrons equally and don t create poles These are known as nonpolar covalent bonds 3 What makes a bond ionic When two or more atoms loose or gain electrons electrons are normally transferred to the more electronegative element and their charges attract one another 4 A molecule is called polar or non polar depending on what types of bonds it has Next to each label if the molecule is polar or non polar O2 non polar CO2 non polar HCl stomach acid polar H2O polar 5 What kind of intermolecular forces attract water molecules to each other Hydrogen bond Why is one water molecular attracted to another The attraction between the partially positive hydrogen and partially negative area of the atom attracts one water molecule to another oxygen 6 Is the hydrogen weaker or stronger than a covalent or ionic bond Weaker Bonus question The image to the left shows two polar molecules guanine and cytosine interacting The force holding these two molecules together are hydrogen bonds Chapter 3 Focus on answering the questions here DO NOT highlight or outline the entire chapter you do not have to read the entire chapter if you can find the answer to these questions and feel like you understand them These guides are meant to help be efficient and focus on the material we will cover Doing extra beyond this will not confer any advantage for exam performance 1 Module 3 0 Many people are lactose intolerant and must pop a few pills before eating their favorite ice cream What are these people not able to produce What is in those pills Do you know someone who is lactose intolerant These individuals lack the ability to generate lactase an enzyme that speeds the digestion of lactose into smaller sugars The lactase in the tablets breaks down lactose Nobody that I am aware of has a lactose intolerance 2 Module 3 1 What is an organic compound 3 Chemical compounds classified as organic have hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms Based on your definition which one of these is an organic compound Water Carbon dioxide Glucose 3 Module 3 2 What does the word hydrophilic mean It means water loving 4 Module 3 3 Think about making a necklace with small beads Use the necklace as an analogy to use the words macromolecule monomer polymer dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in sentences The beads on the necklace serve as the monomer and polymer of the necklace which is viewed as a macromolecule Making a necklace out of tiny beads may be compared to a dehydration reaction and breaking the necklace is analogous to hydrolysis Module 3 4 5 The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Name a few from the reading Glucose and Fructose The use of sugars as both energy resources and organic building blocks clearly illustrates one of our five themes of life which one Energy and Matter 6 Module 3 5 Describe how two monosaccharides are joined and what forms when they are chemically joined When two monosaccharides are chemically joined the dehydration reaction results in the formation of a disaccharide Module 3 6 7 How much sugar does the typical American consume daily 22 teaspoons of sugars a day Yearly 26 bags a year 5lb bag Reflect do you think you are typical in this way What correlation has the NHANES study made with increased sugar consumption In comparison to participants who consumed less than 10 of their daily calories from sugar those who consumed more than 25 of their daily calories from added sugars had roughly three times the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease 8 Module 3 7 Three of the polysaccharides listed state that glucose is the repeating monomer yet assembled in different ways What are these three glucose based polysaccharides and what is each of their origin and function Glucose based polysaccharide name Starch Found Animal Plants in Plant or Function Energy storage or Structural A storage polysaccharide found in plants starch is made up of lengthy chains of glucose monomers Ex potatoes and grains wheat corn rice Glycogen Animals Cellulose Plants is a Glycogen polysaccharide that animals use to store glucose higher degree of branching than starch Abundant organic substance that makes up a large portion of the sturdy walls that surround plant calluses glucose polymer To break these down would this be hydrolysis or a dehydration reaction Dehydration reaction Module 3 8 9 Most carbohydrates and other biological molecules are hydrophilic What chemical property is describes fats Hydrophobic water fearing 10 Compare and contrast unsaturated and saturated fats in terms of where they can be found plant or animal Unsaturated fats a fatty acid with one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain Ex plant fat Saturated fats the most hydrogen atoms are bonded to each carbon atom in a fatty acid with no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain Ex animal fat 11 What is the main function of fats What are the monomers of fats Fats serve as molecules that store energy Fatty acids are monomers of fats Module 3 9 is a Scientific Thinking Module in which you get to read about real studies and the data produced from them These are the kind of deeper thinking questions some of your future exams will resemble 12 What was the hypothesis of the experimental study described What are the limitations of this kind of experimental study in humans Trans fats are thought to have an impact on cardiovascular health the
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