Ciera Ventura Guided Reading Qs Do these before the Mastering Assignment L02 Structure Function of Macromolecules Video about bonds and all of chapter 3 Reading Objectives Describe differences in molecular bonds that hold organic molecules together Explain the structure and function and categorize the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids Compare observational vs experimental studies and retrospective vs prospective studies Explain the evolution of lactose tolerance Watch this video about molecular bonds and answer questions while you watch https www youtube com watch v ts FuU p7b3c 1 The first image is of water H2O The two hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to oxygen Oxygen has 8 protons and each hydrogen has 1 proton Thus which atom is better at attracting the electrons they are sharing Oxygen This concept which the narrator calls electron bullying is called electronegativity Because of this bullying oxygen becomes slightly negative and the hydrogens become slightly positive Thus water is an example of a polar covalent molecule 2 Unlike water some covalent bonds within molecules share electrons equally and don t create poles These are known as nonpolar covalent bonds 3 What makes a bond ionic They are so polar that the electrons are actually transferred to the more electronegative element and their charges attract them to one another forming an ionic bond 4 A molecule is called polar or non polar depending on what types of bonds it has Next to each label if the molecule is polar or non polar O2 nonpolar CO2 nonpolar HCl stomach acid polar H2O polar 5 What kind of intermolecular forces attract water molecules to each other Why is one water molecular attracted to another Is the hydrogen weaker or stronger than a covalent or ionic bond Ciera Ventura The intermolecular force of a hydrogen bond attracts water molecules to each other There is an attraction between the partially positive hydrogen to the partially negative region of the atom in this case oxygen It is so much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds Bonus question The image to the left shows two polar molecules guanine and cytosine interacting The force holding these two molecules together are hydrogen bonds Ciera Ventura Chapter 3 Focus on answering the questions here DO NOT highlight or outline the entire chapter you do not have to read the entire chapter if you can find the answer to these questions and feel like you understand them These guides are meant to help be efficient and focus on the material we will cover Doing extra beyond this will not confer any advantage for exam performance 1 Module 3 0 Many people are lactose intolerant and must pop a few pills before eating their favorite ice cream What are these people not able to produce What is in those pills Do you know someone who is lactose intolerant Those who are lactose intolerant are unable to properly break down lactose the main sugar found in milk In the pills in lactase an enzyme that speeds the digestion of lactose into smaller sugars that your digestive system can absorb Yes my dad is lactose intolerant 2 Module 3 1 What is an organic compound A chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually the element hydrogen Based on your definition which one of these is an organic compound Water Carbon dioxide Glucose 3 Module 3 2 What does the word hydrophilic mean Water loving pertaining to polar or charged molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water 4 Module 3 3 Think about making a necklace with small beads Use the necklace as an analogy to use the words macromolecule monomer polymer dehydration reaction and hydrolysis in sentences So you re making a necklace out of beads to which we can refer to as macromolecules as they are the building blocks of life and make the necklace what it is These specific macromolecules or each individual bead is a monomer and after adding one to the string to create a necklace you have one monomer However if you want to add multiple Ciera Ventura beads you must use the dehydration reaction where you add another monomer bead to create a chain of multiple monomers otherwise known as a polymer However let s say you added the incorrect pattern and now the polymer or section of beads does not follow the correct pattern to create a functional pretty necklace From there you can use hydrolysis to take apart the polymer back into the sections of monomers and from there you can fix the pattern for your necklace Module 3 4 5 The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Name a few from the reading glucose and fructose The use of sugars as both energy resources and organic building blocks clearly illustrates one of our five themes of life which one ENERGY AND MATTER 6 Module 3 5 Describe how two monosaccharides are joined and what forms when they are chemically joined When two monosaccharides are joined together they form a disaccharide They are joined together by a dehydration reaction One monomer gives up a hydroxyl group and the other gives up a hydrogen atom Module 3 6 7 How much sugar does the typical American consume daily 22 teaspoons Yearly 26 bags Reflect do you think you are typical in this way Reflecting on my lifestyle and the way I eat based on what I just read I realized I am not typical in this way I consume way more sugar than I should What correlation has the NHANES study made with increased sugar consumption Ciera Ventura The data analysis showed that those participants who consumed more than 25 of their daily calories from added sugars were almost three times as likely to die as a result of cardiovascular disease a 275 greater risk compared with those who consumed less than 10 of daily calories from sugar 8 Module 3 7 Three of the polysaccharides listed state that glucose is the repeating monomer yet assembled in different ways What are these three glucose based polysaccharides and what Glucose based Found in Plant or Animal Function Energy storage is each of their origin and function polysaccharide name Starch Glycogen Cellulose Plant Animal Plant or Structural Energy storage Energy storage Structural To break these down would this be hydrolysis or a dehydration reaction 9 Most carbohydrates and other biological molecules are hydrophilic What chemical property Hydrolysis Module 3 8 is describes fats Hydrophobic water fearing 10 Compare and contrast unsaturated and saturated fats in terms of where they can be found plant or animal Most animal fats are
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